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THE BAY – THE TRANSPORTATION SPINE FOR DISASTER RECOVERY
Essential Infrastructure and Effective Governance for Emergency Water Transit
A report of the Blue Ribbon Task Force on Disaster Recovery Water Transit April, 2006
CO‐ CHAIRS
Ron Cowan Chief Executive Officer The Doric Group
Bruce Spaulding Vice Chancellor University of California at San Francisco
MEMBERS
Jerry Bridges Executive Director Port of Oakland
Carney Campion General Manager ( Retired) Golden Gate Bridge, Highway, and Transportation District
Russell Hancock Chief Executive Officer Joint Venture: Silicon Valley Network
John Martin Airport Director San Francisco International Airport
About the Bay Area Council
Founded in 1945, the Bay Area Council is an advocate for a strong economy, a vital business environment, and a better quality of life for everyone who lives here. Led by CEOs, the Bay Area Council presents a strong, united voice for hundreds of major employers throughout the Bay Area region whom employ more than 495,000 workers, or one of every six private sector employees in the Bay Area.
▪ www. bayareacouncil. org ▪ info@ bayareacouncil. org ▪ 415‐ 981‐ 6600 ▪
Foreword
In light of the devastation of New Orleans and the obvious failures of physical preparation and governmental response, and with the California Legislature considering a bond measure to fund infrastructure and safety improvements, California Senate President Pro Tempore Don Perata requested that the Bay Area Council prepare a report on the role of water t ansportation in meeting emergency transportation needs in the Bay Area. In response, the Bay Area Council appointed a Blue Ribbon Task Force, composed of:
Co‐ Chairman Ron Cowan, CEO of the Doric Group ( and Chairman of the previous Blue Ribbon Task Force responsible for the creation of the Water Transit Authority).
Co‐ Chairman Bruce Spaulding, Vice Chancellor of the University of California at San Francisco.
Jerry Bridges, Executive Director of the Port of Oakland.
Carney Campion, Retired General Manager of the Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District.
Russell Hancock, CEO of Joint Venture: Silicon Valley Network.
John Martin, Airport Director of San Francisco International Airport.
The work of the Task Force was supported by Bay Area Council Vice President Michael Cunningham and by the legal counsel of Morr son and Foerster LLP.
The Task Force consulted extensively with agencies responsible for planning and coordinating emergency response transportation; with experts on earthquake risk and vulnerability; and with vessel suppliers and operators. Experts advised the Task Force that earthquake risks facing the Bay Area are real and staggeringly large and that the regiona transportation system will not survive intact. In the post‐ September 11 environment, the region’s bridges and mass transit systems are also potential terrorist targets.
The loss of any portion of the regional transportation system, from either natural or man‐ made disaster, would place lives and property at risk and would seriously undermine the Bay Area economy. Without the security and flexibility of a greatly expanded water transit system, the vulnerable regional transportation system will be unable to provide necessary mobility for disaster response and recovery.
The Task Force was impressed to learn the extent of planning and coordination that is already in place between the Coastal Dist ict of the California Office of Emergency Services ( CalOES), the Metropolitan Transportation Commission ( MTC), United States Coast Guard, Caltrans, and others. However, the Task Force was dismayed to find that water transportation, while widely acknowledged as critical backup for known transportation system vulnerabilities, is only loosely integrated into overall regional emergency response plans. With bridges, roads, highways, tunnels, and trains out of service, only the waters of the Bay are certain to remain open for traffic. Existing water transportation capacity, however, is grossly inadequate to meet identified and likely emergency transportation needs. The California Office of Emergency Services and MTC are currently working with consultant URS Corporation to further refine a d expand regional emergency response plans, and the Task Force was fortunate to benefit from their work and to contribute its ideas about the important role of water tran portation.
The Task Force developed a high‐ level conceptual plan that defines the important roles for water transportation in emergencies and that identifies the need for dramatically enhanced infrastructure and equipment and greatly strengthened legal authority for water transportation to provide this critical transportation service in times of catastrophe. With invaluable assistance from the CEO of the Water Transit Authority ( WTA)— and drawing upon
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expertise and input from CalOES, MTC, the United States Coast Guard, Port of Oakland, San Francisco International Airport, UCSF and others— the Task Force has developed the plan described in this report.
If implemented, this plan will elevate water transportation to an appropriately prominent level in regional emergency preparedness and respons plans, so that emergency response coordinators will know that backup water transportation will be available when bridges, highways, and tunnels are out of service. The Task Force plan will:
streamline the coordination of response by public and private water vessels, by designating a single responsible planning and coordination agency.
provide a comprehensive system of permanent and portable terminals that can serve any corner of the Bay.
provide a large fleet of vessels of various types that can evacuate the stranded and injured, transport first responders to their duty stations, carry ambulances and fire trucks to where they are most needed, and move cargo and emergency relief supplies and equipment. The same fleet can later help move people and goods as the region struggles to recover and return to life.
Implementing this plan and creating the robust emergency water transportation system that it envisions quite literally can save the Bay Area— the lives of its people, and the life of its economy.
Jim Wunderman
President and CEO, Bay Area Council
Ex officio, Blue Ribbon Task Force
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Executive Summary
Having witnessed the horrific destruction and suffering that befell New Orleans, the Bay Area must ensure that it is more fully prepared to meet the known and likely dangers that this region faces. Residents of New Orleans paid an unthinkable price due to two types of failure. First, that region failed to protect itself with necessary infrastructure and equipment. In spite of the well‐ known risks facing New Orleans, government failed to build adequate protective infrastructure and failed to provide adequate emergency transportation. Second, the government at all levels lacked clear lines of legal authority and lines of communications to deal with the catastrophic c nditions, and then failed to provide leadership in the face of a disaster that grew worse by the day.
The Bay Area faces an earthquake threat that is equal in magnitude to Hurricane Katrina and just as well documented. The U. S. Geological Survey says that the Bay Area faces high risk of a massive and deadly earthquake in the near future: 29 percent chance of magnitude 6.7 or greater in 10 years, 62 percent in 30 years. FEMA says that the very possible repeat of the 1906 San Andreas Fault earthquake could kill 5,000 people, hospitalize 18,000, make 165,000 families homeless, and cause $ 70 billion to $ 90 billion of property damage. The Association of Bay Area Govern‐ ments says that over 1,700 roads would be closed by a major earthquake on the Hayward Fault. All transbay bridges and the BART tube would be closed— either damaged, destroyed, or inaccessible due to access road failure. The California Health and Human Services Agency reports that 61 Bay Area hospitals have at least one building that will not s rvive a major earthquake intact, creating a need to transport patients and victims across the Bay to functioning hospitals. With the regional transportation system disabled, first‐ responders will be unable to help tens of thousands of homeless, injured, and starving victims. A failure of transportation will be particularly devastating to the most vulnerable of our population, the elderly, children, and the poor.
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With bridges, roads, highways, tunnels, and trains out of service, only the waters of the Bay are certain to remain open for traffic. All of the emergency transportation needs— to save lives and property, restore order and safety, and reunite families— that would otherwise have been met on land will instead need to be served by water vessel. Water transportation will be the only transbay system that is immediately available to move first responders to affected area , evacuate stranded and wounded, and transport equipment and supplies to points of need.
Current infrastructure and equipment capabilities are grossly inadequate to the physical task. Ferry terminals exist in only a few spots on the Bay, and the vessel fleet lacks the capacity to make up for even one out‐ of‐ service bridge. The few vessels that exist are in the hands of many different public and private owners and operators, and there is no detailed plan or identified leader to activate and coordinate them. The Task Force has developed an emergency water transit plan that fills this void. The proposed system is robust and flexible, with clear leadership. It can meet the most important transbay emergency response and recovery transportation needs to protect the Bay Area and its esidents.
Emergency response needs cannot be precisely predicted, so the proposed system is inherently flexible and will meet needs of many types, in any location on the Bay. Existing ferry terminals cover only a narrow range of the Bay and leave large swaths— particularly in the North Bay and South Bay— with no emergency water transit capability. To fill these gaps, the Task Force proposes thirty new terminals, including both permanent terminals as well as temporary portable terminals that can be quickly deployed anywhere that they are needed.
A fleet of 88 new vessels would include a mix of vessel types and sizes to meet a wide range of needs. An expanded fleet of high‐ speed passenger ferries will be supplemented with
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quiet next‐ generation hovercraft vessels that can operate in the shallowest possible waters, on land, and across otherwise impassable terrain. Roll‐ on roll‐ off cargo hovercraft will move ambulances, fire trucks, and other emergency equipment. Cargo ferries and barges will be able to move the large quantities of relief supplies that will arrive from outside the regio .
Moreover, despite the sincere and dedicated efforts of California Office of Emergency Services ( CalOES), the Metropolitan Transportation Commission ( MTC), United States Coast Guard, Caltrans, and others, the current legal authority to plan, fund and implement the necessary water transportation infrastructure and equipment is too diffuse, and the specific operational authority and responsibility to actually run the water transportation system in an emergency is s milarly scattered. Meeting the challenge thus requires not only money for capital improvements, but also a strengthening in governance over emergency water transportation, building on the key principal role of the California Office of Emergency Services.
It is not only impractical, but rather impossible, to cobble together an emergency water transportation system after‐ the‐ fact. Moreover, it is a task of years, not months, to create the essential infrastructure, even if the required legal authority and funding is made available. In light of the ever‐ present threat, we must begin this crucial effort without delay.
Recommendations. The State of California should adopt and implement a disaster response and recovery transportation system. The disaster response and recovery water transportation system described in this report has an estimated capital cost of $ 1.6 billion. The Legislature and Governor should fund the system immediately through state disaster recovery bonds, combined with federal homeland security funding, other federal matching funds, and other available financing mechanisms. As a disaster response and recovery program, the Task Force anticipates that this project will not compete against public transit for funding but rather
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that it will primarily be funded from dedicated emergency preparation funds.
The Legislature and Governor should, by statute, immediately designate the Water Transit Authority as the Bay Area Maritime Emergency Transportation Coordinator and give it th mandate, responsibility, and all necessary and appropriate powers to develop and operate a comprehensive emergency response and recovery water transpor ation system as quickly as possible. Only by designating and fully empowering a single agency to plan, implement, and operate emergency water transportation can the Bay Area hope to avoid the failures of leadership that doomed New Orleans. In order to achieve the full benefits of coordinated leadership— along with substantial cost savings and improved route connectivity— the Legislature and the Governor, together with MTC and existing public ferry operators, should work towards a goal of merging all ferry services into a single agency, the WTA.
The Water Transit Authority should, in cooperation with the California Office of Emergency Services, identify and rapidly procure the new equipment that has the highest priority for regional emergency response and recovery. These highest‐ priority needs would likely include, but may not be limited to: equipment‐ moving vessels that can transport fire trucks, ambulances, and other first‐ response equipment to any corner of the Bay; and emergency communications systems that provide instant communication between with marine vessels and operators. The WTA should also actively encourage and influence the development of new marine technologies that are critical to Bay Area emergency transportation. For example, in order to ensure that next‐ generation hovercraft designs meet the operational and environmental needs of the Bay Area, the WTA should develop and promote performance specifications for a Bay Area hovercraft that is quiet, highly maneuverable, and environmentally benign.
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Finally, in order to speed vessel production and maximize Bay Area economic benefits, the Water Transit Authority should give preference to shipbuilders that establish a manufacturing base in the Bay Area. A new Bay Area shipyard would allow the 88‐ vessel Bay Area emergency water transportation fleet to be built and deployed much more quickly— and potentially at lower cost— than existing builders alone can manage. Local production would also allow the Bay Area to capture substantial economic benefits from hundreds of millions of dollars f shipbuilding expenditures. A local shipyard producing Bay Area emergency vessels could generate hundreds or thousands of new well‐ paying jobs and would re‐ launch a historically important Bay Area industry. The former Alameda Naval Air Station, with its protected Seaplane Lagoon, offers an ideal location to establish a new shipbuilding industry.
Although funding of infrastructure is essential, money alone will not prepare us, or our government, to respond in a disaster. Real change in governmental authority and responsibility is indispensable to that goal.
Action Now. Every day that passes brings a higher risk of a catastrophic Bay Area earthquake, and the risks— 29 percent chance in the next 10 years, 62 percent chance in the next 30 years— are already frighteningly high. The leisurely approach to safety that has characterized the replacement of the East Span of the Bay Bridge must be made a thi g of the past. The Bay Area and the state must resolve to prepare for the coming quake with the speed and determination that is due for a th eat of this magnitude. The emergency response and recovery transportation system must be fully implemented as quickly as possible, as if the lives of Bay Area residents depend on it— because they do.
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Bay Area Must Prepare for Looming Disaster
The world has recently seen all too clearly the horrific consequences that natural disasters deliver to unprepared communities. In Southeast Asia swept by a tsunami and in Pakistan rocked by an earthquake, millions of lives were upended and hundreds of thousands died. Americans responded with empathy and concern and opened their wallets to help victims that, in many cases, live in regions too remote or too poor to have prepared for such disasters. When hurricanes Katrina and Rita swept through Louisiana and Mississippi, Americans again responded with empathy, concern, and financial and direct assistance. But they also struggled to understand how a nation as wealthy and technologically advanced as ours could have so thoroughly f iled to protect the welfare of its own citizens. There may be room for debate as to why preparations for the safety of New Orleans residents were so grossly inadequate, but the results of this failure of planning and leadership are unquestionable, and unacceptable.
“ In 1995, when a quake of the same magnitude [ as Loma Prieta] struck Kobe, Japan, another bayside urban area thought to be well prepared for earth- quakes, more than 6,000 people died and the damage amounted to $ 100 billion. Had the Loma Prieta quake been centered in San Jose, Oakland, or San Francisco, similar losses could have occurred.”
— USGS 1
The Bay Area is no stranger to natural disasters, having faced earthquakes, wildfires, and flooding, but the actual scale of the earthquake danger that the region faces can be difficult to grasp. There is no question if a major earthquake will hit, only some— but not much— uncertainty about when. The strength of the coming earthquake and the devastation are well documented. According to the United States Geological Survey ( USGS), the Bay Area faces a 29 percent chance of a magnitude 6.7 or greater earthquake in the next 10 years, rising to a 62 percent likelihood in 30 years.
1 United States Geological Survey, Fact Sheet 039‐ 03: Is a Powerful Quake Likely to Strike in the Next 30 Years?, 2003.
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Probability of Major (> 6.7) Bay Area Earthquake0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 110203040506070809010YearsProbability
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Comparisons to Loma Prieta are misplaced. That earthquake was centered in an unpopulated area 60 miles from San Francisco, lasted a short 15 seconds, ruptured only 25 miles of fault, and focused its destructive energy southwards, away from the populated Bay Area. The Bay Area faces the known threat of an earthquake that could easily be much stronger, last much longer, and rupture 300 miles of fault directly underneath heavily populated parts of the Bay Area. The devastation from this coming earthquake will be nothing like that from Loma Prieta.
The Bay Area faces a threat equal in scale to Katrina, but it has the opportunity to prepare in advance. We know that “ the Big One” is coming and that the consequences will be catastrophic. Will the Bay Area follow the path of poor
2 United States Geological Survey, Working Group On California Earthquake Probabilities, Earthquake Probabilities in the San Francisco Bay Region: 2002– 2031 ( OFR 03‐ 214), 2003.
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planning, inadequate preparation, and irresolute leadership that doomed the residents of New Orleans, or will we act today to put in place the physical and organizational infrastructure to protect the population? For all who watched the suffering of victims in Asia, Pakistan, and New Orleans, the choice is self‐ evident: we must prepare, and prepare quickly and fully.
Bay Area Transportation System at Risk
Though the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake was brief and its epicenter remote, its effect in the populated core of the Bay Area was dramatic. Sixty‐ eight people died, and 700 were injured. Buildings were toppled or shaken from their foundations, buildings burned in San Francisco’s Marina district, and electricity was out for days in some areas. A segment of the Bay Bridge collapsed, killing one motorist and closing the bridge for four weeks. The elevated I‐ 880 Cypress Structure collapsed totally, killing 42 people. Highway 17, connecting Santa Cruz and San Jose, was closed for a month by landslide. The Embarcadero Freeway and parts of the Central Freeway in San Francisco were permanently disabled and eventually removed. In total, over 100 streets and freeways were closed, and three months later only half had been reopened to traffic.
“ The risk is not in doubt. Engineering, common sense, and knowledge from prior earthquakes tells us that the consequences of the 1989 [ Loma Prieta] and 1994 [ Northridge] earth- quakes, as devastating as they were, were small when compared to what is likely when a large earthquake strikes directly under an urban area, not at its periphery. Geological science makes it clear that such an event will happen.”
— Caltrans Seismic Advisory Board4
For all of its destructiveness, Loma Prieta was only a gentle warning to the Bay Area of the risks that it faces when a stronger earthquake strikes in the hea t of the Bay Area. The USGS has focused on calculating the probability of an earthquake of magnitude 6.7 or greater, but the major faults that underlie the Bay Area are prepared to generate quakes much more powerful than that. The San Andreas Fault could produce 8.0,3 stronger than the 1906 earthquake and
3 California Department of Transportation, San Francisco‐ Oakland Bay Bridge East Span Seismic Safety Project, Final Environmental Impact Statement, 2001.
4 Caltrans Seismic Advisory Board, The Race to Seismic Safety, 2003.
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approximately 30 times stronger than Loma Prieta. The Hayward Fault could produce an earthquake of magnitude 7.25— less than the maximum energy from the San Andreas, but potentially more damaging due to its orientation directly through the heavily populated East Bay.
Still more frightening, “ the earthquake” may well be “ the earthquakes”— possibly quite a few of them. In the 50 years leading up to the 1906 earthquake, the Bay Area experienced 29 earthquakes of magnitude 5.5 or greater. According to the USGS, a tremendous amount of strain had built up on Bay Area faults in the late 1800s, triggering this staggering run of powerful earthquakes and culminating in the massive 1906 quake. Together— and capped by the 1906 quake— these earthquakes released so much energy that Bay Area faults have been largely quiet for much of the past century, producing only 11 earthquakes of magnitude 5.5 or greater. The faults have not been dormant, however. Strain has been building and building, nearing the breaking point. A major earthquake is a certainty— and possibly even a return to the earthquake‐ after‐ earthquake environment of the late 1800s. 5 Loma Prieta( Actual) Hayward 6.9( Forecast) 050100150Uninhabita
b le
Homes
( Thousands)
As destructive as Loma Prieta was, an earthquake of magnitude 6.7 or greater that is centered in the populated core of the Bay Area will cause death, destruction, and disarray that is many orders of magnitude greater. According to the United States Geological Survey, the ground surface will be displaced from five to 25 feet at the fault, severing roadways and utilities. The soil that supports structures built on landfill will liquefy, subsiding beneath buildings, roadways, and buried water and gas pipelines. Strong shaking will damage even the most highly‐ engineered bridges. Dozens of seismically unsound hospital buildings will be disabled or destroyed. Landslides will wipe out homes and inundate roadways, and fires will rage across the region. While Loma Prieta made 13,000 housing units
5 USGS, Fact Sheet 039‐ 03.
6 Association of Bay Area Governments, The Problem – Loma Prieta and Northridge Were a Wake‐ Up Call, 2003.
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uninhabitable, the Association of Bay Area Governments ( ABAG) estimates that 160,000 housing units would be destroyed or otherwise made uninhabitable by a repeat of the 1906 San Andreas ea thquake. 7 Almost half of Bay Area homes would be without running water, and power to much of the region will be out. The Federal Emergency Management Agency estimates 5,000 deaths, 18,000 casualties requiring hospitalization, 165,000 left homeless, and $ 70 billion to $ 90 billion of building damage.
In the face of this catastrophe, first‐ responders will struggle to help the most vulnerable while simultaneously battling fires, leaking gas and water pipelines, and downed electrical utilities. The regional transportation system will immediately be called upon to move firefighters and equipment to battle blazes across he region, rescue the trapped, transport the injured to medical treatment, evacuate damaged hospitals, and transport food, water, and emergency relief supplies. Once immediate life and safety needs are under control, effective transportation will be required to help life return to a semblance of normality and to support the economic rebirth f the region. Reliance on the transportation system is heightened in the Bay Area, divided as it is by the waters of the Bay. Without its bridges and BART system to provide transbay mobility, regional transportation— and regional emergency response— in the Bay Area would be crippled. Loma Prieta( Actual) Hayward 6.9( Forecast) 05001,0001,500Closed Roads
While the regional transportation system has a vital role to play in emergency response and recovery, it will not survive a major earthquake intact. According a 2003 ABAG analysis, a large earthquake on either the San Andreas or the Hayward faults would devastate the Bay Area’s transportation system. A magnitude 6.9 earthquake along the full length of the Hayward fault would result in an estimated 1,734 road closures and ri ks disabling use of all of the Bay Area toll bridges. A repeat of the 1906 earthquake along the entire Bay Area length of the San Andreas fault would close 1,332 roads.
7 Ibid.
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The San Mateo, Dumbarton, and Bay bridges would be out of service, with all other toll bridges also at serious risk. 8
“ From an emergency plan- ning perspective, this earthquake [ of magnitude 6.9 along the full length of the Hayward fault] is particularly problematic because all of the Bay Area’s toll bridges may be affected, either directly or due to closures of local roads feeding the bridges.”
— ABAG11
Nearly two‐ thirds of all deaths in Loma Prieta were due to catastrophic failure of the transportation system. Since then, billions of dollars have been spent to evaluate and remedy the most serious transportation system vulnerabilities. While these investments greatly reduce the chances that a major quake will cause fatal transportation failures, they offer no guarantee that the transportation system will survive a major earthquake unscathed and remain fully operational. In fact, ABAG warns emergency planners to assume that all toll bridges will be unusable after a major earthquake, either due to bridge damage or access road damage. 9 Notwithstanding all of the efforts made and underway to improve transportation system safety, ABAG and USGS10 warn that Bay Area transportation faces risks that cannot be avoided:
“ It is not technically possible or economically practical to expect that all bridges will be undamaged when an earthquake occurs. Indeed, the seismic performance goal is that a standard bridge will remain life- safe, but may be significantly damaged, possibly beyond repair, and important bridges on lifeline routes remain in service. The demand following an earth- quake is on the restoration of the economic functioning of the community, in which highways and bridges provide vital links, and without which recovery is impeded.”
— Caltrans Seismic Advisory Board 12
Toll bridges will likely be closed by a major earthquake, either by bridge damage or by access road failure.
Soil liquefaction will cause roads near the Bay— such as bridge approaches, US 101 and Interstate 80 and 880— to buckle and subside, leaving them impassable.
Violent ground movement and fault slip of five to 25 feet will open large fractures in roadways.
Landslides will block roadways.
The BART Berkeley Hills Tunnel, which passes directly through the Hayward Fault, will be badly damaged and potentially closed for years.
8 Association of Bay Area Governments, Riding Out Future Quakes, 2003 update.
9 Ibid.
10 USGS presentation, When it Happens Again— Working Together to Reduce Future Losses, 2006.
11 ABAG, op cit.
12 Caltrans Seismic Advisory Board, op cit.
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What About Regional Emergencies Other Than Earthquakes?
Earthquakes are not the only risk facing the Bay Area. Heavy rains and local flooding and landslides have been known to close Bay Area roads, but a truly catastrophic scenario could occur if a warm tropical rain storm melts a heavy Sierra snowpack and causes massive flooding and levee failure in the Delta. California has been hit by tsunamis in the past, most recently one that struck Crescent City in 1964, killing 12 people. Bay Area tsunami risk has not been studied in detail, but a large tsunami, similar to the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, could swamp many low- lying coastal and bayshore areas. Not only natural disasters threaten the Bay Area; the National Terrorism Risk Insurance Act cites San Francisco as one of the four U. S. cities facing the highest risk of terrorist attack. Major transportation facilities such as the Bay Bridge, Golden Gate Bridge, and BART are considered high- risk targets. Any one of these natural or man- made disasters would damage or obstruct the regional transportation system at the same time that it increases the importance of that system for emergency response efforts. The major earthquake predicted by the United States Geological Survey is, however, undoubtedly the worst- case scenario. Only a major earthquake will cause widespread and comprehensive devastation across the entire Bay Area. By fully preparing for a major earthquake, the Bay Area will be better prepared to deal with the consequences of any major regional emergency.
Those vulnerabilities represent the best‐ case scenario, in which a major earthquake does not hit until the Bay Area has completed all planned seismic safety projects. But there is a 29 percent chance of a major earthquake in the next 10 years, and many important seismic safety projects are far from complete; in some cases they do not even have funding. If a major earthquake— such as a repeat of the 1906 quake, or a 7.25 Hayward quake— strikes during this most highly vulnerable phase, the Bay Area transportation system would suffer catastrophic consequences:
Collapse of the original east span of the Bay Bridge. 13
Failure and leaking of the BART transbay tube. 14
Collapse of elevated BART tracks. 15
Collapse of 293 local road bridges and overpasses that have not yet been retrofitted. 16
13 USGS, When it Happens Again.
14 Bay Area Rapid Transit District, BART Seismic Vulnerability Study, 2002.
15 Ibid.
16 Caltrans Seismic Advisory Board, op cit., and Caltrans District 4 Local Assistance, unpublished data, 2006.
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What is Needed: Emergency Response and Disaster Recovery Water Transportation System
With the regional transportation system— including transbay bridges and tunnels— out of service, first‐ responders will be hard‐ pressed to fulfill the monumental challenge facing them. California’s basic system of emergency response is founded upon an escalating structure of mutual‐ aid, in which cities call for assistance from neighboring cities, then from the county, then from neighboring counties, then from the state, and then from other states and the federal government. A San Andreas, Hayward, or other major earthquake will trigger a need for all of these forms of assistance. However, without a functioning regional transportation system, it will be impossible to get aid where and when it is needed to save lives and property.
With bridges, roads, highways, tunnels, and trains out of service, only the waters of the Bay are certain to remain open for traffic. All of the emergency transportation needs— to save lives and property, reunite families, and restore order and safety— that would otherwise have been met on land will instead need to be served by marine vessels. Water transportation will be the only transbay system that is immediately available to move first responders to affected area , evacuate stranded and wounded, and transport equipment and supplies to points of need. Meeting these broad and critical needs will require a comprehensive system that is robust, flexible, and responsive.
Devastation will spare no part of the Bay Area, so the system must have the capability to reach into every corner of the Bay. New permanent terminals— constructed to the highest standards of earthquake resistance— would provide ready docking facilities around which local emergency response plans could be organized. Additional floating temporary terminals could be immediately deployed to any spot on the Bay, allowing water transportation connections to be
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established to wherever the need arises. Including a number of hovercraft vessels in the fleet would provide the capability to navigate the shallowest of waters where no dredged channel or docking facilities exist; these vessels could continue beyond the waters edge over impassable roadways and open land.
“ Apart from having tem- porary floating docks and gangways available for emergency events ( not a costly measure), having some additional reserve capacity in vessels should be the highest priority. As slower ferry vessels are replaced, the region should consider main- taining a fleet of ‘ ready reserve’ vessels that are not normally in ferry service.”
— MTC
Mutual‐ aid will be required to assist the most devastated parts of the region, so the system must have the capability to move heavy equipment and emergency relief supplies. The fleet should include, or have on‐ call access to, roll‐ on roll‐ off vessels that can accommodate heavy equipment such as ambulances, fire trucks and firefighting equipment, and heavy construction and rescue equipment. With permanent and temporary terminals around the Bay, the system would be able to deliver emergency response equipment to where lives and property are at greatest risk. Roll‐ on roll‐ off cargo hovercraft would provide the greatest degree of responsiveness, with an ability to traverse water and land to deposit emergency response equipment at any spot with no supporting infrastructu e.
Dozens of seismically vulnerable hospitals ring the San Francisco Bay18 and many would be severely damaged in a major earthquak . With an estimated 8,000 to 18,000 casualties requiring medical care, and with damaged hospitals across the Bay Area, transporting patients across the Bay will become an imperative. Moving sick and injured patients from a damaged hospital to a sound facility is
17 Metropolitan Transportation Commission, San Francisco Bay Area Regional Ferry Plan Update, 1999.
18 Following the 1994 Northridge earthquake, California enacted legislation requiring hospitals to seismically upgrade in order to be safe for their patients and to ensure ability to receive those injured in an earthquake. However, the California Health and Human Services Agency reported in 2001 that there are 61 Bay Area hospitals have at least one buildi g that does not meet standards for seismic safety. Overall, 234 out of 467 Bay Area hospital buildings do not meet state seismic safety standards. ( Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development, Summary of Hospital Seismic Performance Ratings, 2001.)
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logistically complex due to the need for uninterrupted care and the uncertainty of which medical facilities will be operational Earthquake casualties will not necessarily be able to be taken to the nearest hospital, which may be damaged or overwhelmed, so the system must have the capability to transport the injured across the Bay to surviving hospitals and other emergency medi al facilities. To provide necessary medical transportation the emergency water transportation system should include water transit vessels th t can function as paramedic or ambulance units. In addition, the roll‐ on roll‐ off cargo hovercraft should have the capability to transport ambulances and paramedic vehicles across the Bay.
After the initial emergency response period has ended, limited regional transportation will hold the Bay Area back as its economy struggles to recover. The water transportation system must have the capacity and capability to move large numbers of people between home and work, and to transport goods to and from air and sea ports. Current ferries— even when supplemented with locally based private passenger ships and borrowed out‐ of‐ state ferries— would be able to meet only a tiny share of necessary transbay passenger trips. With a substantially expanded passenger fleet, it would be possible to meet significant transbay mobility needs with frequent service to the expanded system of permanent and temporary terminals that would ring the Bay.
“ It is important to note that the economic recovery of the state after a damaging earthquake may be limited by the performance of these other bridges, and the speed with which other transportation modes are restored to pre- earthquake service condition.”
— Caltrans Seismic Advisory Board 19
Following a major earthquake or other disaster, airport access will be vitally important for response and recovery; however, with bridges and highways closed it could be impossible for passengers and employees to reach the airport. Watercraft would likely be required to transport significant numbers of people to and from the airports. In a worst‐ case scenario with all bridges and BART out of service, San Francisco International Airport ( SFO) estimates that nearly 30,000 passengers and airport employees would require ferry transport from the East Bay and North Bay ea h day. Ferries
19 Caltrans Seismic Advisory Board, op cit.
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would dock at SFO’s Seaplane Harbor or at the future South San Francisco ferry terminal and would be shuttled by bus to the ter inal complex. Even better service could be provided with hovercraft, due to their high operating speeds, zero draft, and ability to operate on water and land and with almost no landing facilities.
San Francisco International and Oakland International airports face an additional emergency response need, due to the fact that their runways are adjacent to the San Francisco Bay. A commercial airliner that lands short of the runway may come to rest in shallow Bay waters, making rapid emergency response difficult with conventional watercraft and putting lives at risk. The Canadian Coast Guard maintains hovercraft at the ready at Vancouver International Airport for exactly this use, and it would be prudent for emergency response hovercraft to be situated near SFO and Oakland International Airport for rapid‐ response use. These vessels could also be outfitted to supplement the limited number of existing fire fighting boats on the Bay to provide range of emergency response needs.
In addition to moving people, an emergency situation will create extraordinary needs to move equipment and cargo into the Bay Area and to distribute them to points of need.
Next Generation Hovercraft For Emergency Transportation
Many important ferry service opportunities cannot be well served with conventional watercraft, but next- generation hovercraft— ships that float on a cushion of air— hold great promise. Unlike conventional mono- hull or catamaran vessels, hovercraft have no water- depth requirement— when in operation, they do not even touch the water. With no need for a dredged channel or permanent docking facility and with their ability to operate equally well on water and land, hovercraft are ideal for emergency transportation. The broad capabilities of new hovercraft technology can be seen today in different vessels that have been specially designed to move passengers, ambulances and fire trucks, and heavy roll- on roll- off cargo. Hovercraft have less environmental impact than conventional craft because they require no dredging, create no wake, and pass harmlessly above submerged marine animals. Early hovercraft were shunned due to high noise levels and poor maneuverability, but new designs and technology promise to deliver hovercraft that are highly maneuverable, as quiet as conventional watercraft, and among the least- polluting vessels on the water.
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With the regional transportation system disabled, water vessels will be called upon to move emergency equipment such as ambulances and fire trucks, medical supplies and equipment, food and drinking water, electric generators— everything needed to protect and save lives. For heavy cargo, the most efficient mode would be cargo barge. The Port of Oakland is evaluating large‐ capacity roll‐ on roll‐ off barges that can be loaded and unloaded quickly. Requirements for docking and loading facilities would be minimal, consisting only of a mooring location with a loading ramp and a nearby flat, paved area to handle the arrival and departure of containers. Transbay heavy cargo movement would require terminals at the Port of Oakland, near San Francisco, and in the South Bay ( e. g., Moffett Field). An additional terminal at the Port of Sacramento would provide redundant capacity in the event that an earthquake or other di aster rendered one or more terminals on San Francisco Bay unusable.
Light cargo, such as FedEx and UPS air express packages, require a separate waterborne system that would allow packages to be moved efficiently in the event of bridge or highway closu e. In an emergency scenario, this system would allow small parcel cargo to be transported around the Bay Area. During non‐ emergency periods, the system would allow small parcel cargo to bypass heavily congested highways and bridges, speeding delivery and reducing truck traffic and pollution on Bay Area roads.
Additional important needs include communications, berthing, and staffing. Without communication and coordination, even the most well‐ equipped emergency ferry system will be unable to meet the challenge. The emergency water transportation system must include a radio or satellite communication system that links all vessels and o erators to a central Emergency Operations Center. The large new fleet will also require a berthing and maintenance facility, which could be centrally located at a site such as the former Alameda Naval Air Station. When disaster strikes, trained crews will be needed in large numbers for round‐ the‐ clock
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vessel operations. The California Maritime Academy in Vallejo, with over 900 full‐ time equivalent students, can provide a surge level of personnel to operate emergency vessels. The Academy also has a range of vessels that could be called into service, as well as the capability to operate as a central or auxiliary command center.
The Task Force has determined, based on data and analysis by the Water Transit Authority and MTC, that the disaster response and recovery water transportation system described above will require an additional 30 terminals an 88 vessels, plus supporting equipment and facilities. Terminals include 15 new permanent terminals, located at sites that the Water Transit Authority has already evaluated and approved, plus an additional seven portable temporary terminals. Cargo and equipment transport will be supported with eight new terminals that could also accommodate passengers if necessary. Vessel needs include 76 new passenger ferries, of which approximately 10 would be passenger hovercraft able to service otherwise inaccessible locations. Four light‐ parcel hovercraft and two self‐ propelled heavy‐ cargo barges will service cargo needs, while four roll‐ on roll‐ off hovercraft and two ambulance ships will accommodate emergency equipment and medical needs.
The WTA estimates that the total capital cost to implement this system, able to meet all transbay transportation needs in the event of emergency bridge closures, is approximately $ 1.6 billion. Because there are no expensive rights‐ of‐ way to be purchased— use of the waterway is free— this system is much less costly than other Bay Area transportation projects that have much less capacity. The cost of this system is modest in light of the lives and property that it would save, and it would pay for itself in just one or two months after a major disaster by preserving economic activity that would otherw se be lost due to lack of transbay transportation. 20
20 Association of Bay Area Governments, Macroeconomics Effects of the Loma Prieta Earthquake, 1991, estimates a 1.1 percent loss of gross regional product due to a 6 month emergency closure of the Bay Bridge.
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Back to the Future for Emergency Water Transportation
In the early decades of the 20th Century, ferries were the sole form of transbay transportation. Over many decades, the Bay Area has come to rely heavily on a “ modern” transportation system of highways, bridges, and passenger rail, while ferries have been relegated to a niche role. In times of emergency, however, our modern transportation system shows its limitations, and ferries have time and time again played an important role. While highways, bridges, and rail can only serve those destinations to which they are built, ferries provide an inherently flexible system that can respond to any corner of the Bay. While highways, bridges, and rail can all be damaged by natural or man‐ made disasters, the Bay will always be in operation as the “ open highway” for emergency response and recovery.
In 1906, ferries— the only transbay mode at the time— evacuated an estimated 150,000 people from the burning shores of San Francisco, while inbound ferries from the East Bay carried water to survivors in San Francisco. In 1982, the North Bay was cut off by landslides on Highway 101, but ferries were able to carry 12,000 passengers a day between Larkspur and San Francisco. Loma Prieta saw the most dramatic emergency use of ferries in modern times. With the Bay Bridge damaged and closed to traffic, commuters turned to ferries, which were supplemented with new routes and borrowed vessels. Ferries came to the rescue on September 11th as well; with passenger rail closed in lower Manhattan, ferries evacuated thousands from Manhattan to neighboring boroughs and New Jersey.
“ Ferries have a history in the Bay Area and through- out the world of assisting with emergency trans- portation following natural or man- made disasters. Experience shows that ferries’ flexibility and size are enormously valuable for moving large passenger loads efficiently. The most notable recent examples are the role ferries played following the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake and the 9/ 11 disaster in New York.”
— WTA 21
Using current ( 2004) GRP of $ 352 billion produces a six‐ month economic loss of $ 3.9 billion, or $ 645 million per month. As the Bay Bridge carries only 40 percent of total Bay Area bridge traffic, loss of multiple bridges could easily double the economic cost.
21 Water Transit Authority, A Strategy to Improve Public Transit with an Environmentally Friendly Ferry System: Final Implementation & Operations Plan, 2003.
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Organization for Emergency Response and Recovery
California and the Bay Area have a comprehensive system to coordinate emergency response at all levels of government, with prescribed roles for each participating agency. The California Office of Emergency Services ( CalOES) is the state’s emergency response planning and coordination agency, with regional district offices that coordinate response to large‐ scale emergencies. The Coastal Region of the California Office of Emergency Services maintains a Regional Emergency Operations Center ( REOC) in Oakland; when activated, it is staffed by CalOES, Caltrans, the California Highway Patrol, United States Coast Guard, and the Metropolitan Transportation Commission.
From its seat at the REOC, the Metropolitan Transportation Commission ( MTC) serves as the central point of coordination for regional public transportation needs. During an emergency, MTC will establish contact with transportation service operators ( public transit agencies, airports, seaports, etc.), maintain intelligence on their states of operation, and coordinate with the REOC to allocate transportation resources according to highest priority needs. Independently, MTC will coordinate and publicize non‐ emergency public transportation services.
This emergency response coordination system is comprehensive and flexible enough to meet most needs; however, there is a void in the area of maritime transportation and services. Some vessels are under the operational control of ferry operators ( Golden Gate and City of Vallejo, for example). Other passenger vessels, such as the Hornblower excursion fleet, are operated independently, and other “ working” commercial vessels such as tugs, barges, and crew boats are widely dispersed. These private vessels will be extremely valuable resources for emergency response and recovery, but in the face of an emergency there will be no time to track them down, determine their capabilities, and negotiate for their use. There is a need for a single Bay Area agency to have the lead responsibility for maintaining
15
information on maritime assets and for coordinating with MTC and the REOC to activate and allocate them.
The WTA has described an improved system to coordinate emergency marine transportation in its Regional Maritime Contingency Pla ( RMCP), but this plan has not been officially recognized or incorporated into overall regional emergency response plans. The RMCP provides guidelines and procedures to activate water transportation during the emergency response and recovery phase of a regional disaster that interrupts the regional transportation system. Actions taken under the RMCP would be coordinated among the REOC, MTC, WTA, and the Coast Guard. Under the RMCP, WTA responsibilities during an emergency would include:
Providing a staff representative to the MTC Emergency Operations Center and, if requested, to the CalOES REOC.
Communicating directly with the U. S. Coast Guard, ferry operators, ports, and the Marine Exchange to determine the nature of the emergency and the availability and location of vessels and other assets
Determining the types and levels of services that ferry operators in the affected region are capable of and will be providing.
Maintaining communications regarding the status of vessels, facilities, and other maritime assets that may be deployed in response to the emergency.
Coordinating waterborne emergency transportation responses with the REOC.
Receiving and coordinating requests for basic waterborne transportation services from the REOC, counties, and other transit providers, and evaluating and tasking waterborne transportation support requests, depending on the availability of uncommitted resources.
Informing the REOC of basic waterborne transportation services provided by ferry operators.
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Before an emergency strikes, the WTA would be responsible for all activities necessary to be fully prepared to execute its emergency response coordination oles. This would include establishing and maintaining intelligence on maritime assets in the Bay Area and developing emergency comm nication protocols.
The Coastal Region of CalOES and MTC are currently working with consultant URS Corporation to refine and expand Bay Area emerge cy response plans. The Task Force has worked with these parties to identify maritime coordination needs, and the Task Force has recommended that the region officially recognize the Water Transit Authority as the responsible coordin tor for water transportation emergency response, based on the Regional Maritime Contingency Plan that WTA has developed.
Designating WTA at the central coordinator for water transportation is a crucial first step towards coordinating the emergency esponse and recovery activities of Bay Area ferry operators ( Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District; City of Vallejo; Cities of Oakland and Alameda; Harbor Bay Maritime; and WTA). In the future, even better coordination and efficiency could be achieved by consolidating all public ferry operators under the Water Transit uthority. This would greatly simplify management and coordination of emergency water transportation, because one agency would be directly in charge of all public ferries. Ferry operator consolidation would also provide benefits during non‐ emergency periods by reducing administrative overhead, consolidating purchasing and maintenance functions, and enhancing connectivity of the ferry system.
Maximizing Bay Area Benefit
The federal Jones Act and Passenger Services Act require that cargo and passenger vessels operating between ports in the United States must be American‐ built. There are currently a number of domestic shipbuilders with the qualifications and capability to each produce several ferries nnually, so it
17
should be possible to produce up to 15 vessels per year. If the Bay Area were to use all of this shipyard capacity, the total Bay Area emergency fleet of 88 vessels could be produced in five to six years. However, there could be a cost premium to pay, because shipbuilders would need to either turn away other paying customers or expand their capacity.
The Bay Area would realize much greater benefits if some— ideally many— of the new vessels were built in the Bay Area. Reviving the Bay Area’s historic shipbuilding industry would add production capacity and allow the emergency fleet to be comp eted and deployed more quickly, and local manufacturing would be a boon to the Bay Area economy. With hundreds of millions of dollars to be spent on new vessel construction, local manufacturing would create hundreds or thousands of new well‐ paying jobs. The former Alameda Naval Air Station, with its protected Seaplane Lagoon, offers an ideal location to establish a new Bay Area shipbuilding industry. In order to capture and maximize the potential benefits of local shipbuilding, the Task Force recommends that procurement of emergency vessels give a preference for local manufacturing.
Bay Area residents could be trained locally for many of the new jobs created by the emergency water transportation system. The California Maritime Academy, based in Vallejo, has 900 full‐ time‐ equivalent students studying vessel operation and engineering, as well as the business and logistics side of marine transportation. A partnership between the Water Transit Authority, local shipbuilders, and the Maritime Academy would help to meet the full range of staffing needs and would provide educational and employment oppo tunities for Bay Area residents.
The emergency water transportation system will also benefit the region on an everyday basis. Seventy six new passenger ferries and 15 new permanent terminals will allow frequent and convenient transbay service to all c rners of the Bay. Tens of thousands of commuters will be able to trade daily freeway gridlock for a fast and relaxing commute on the
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water, and recreational, shopping, and tourist trips will also benefit. More trips by water will mean fewer trips by road, reducing highway congestion and automobile pollution. New transportation on the Bay will allow neglected military and industrial lands near the shore to be converted into new tran it‐ oriented villages. The Bay will cease to be a transportation obstacle in the region, becoming instead a transportation asset that knits together the disjointed services of over two dozen transit operators. Water transit will provide a new and more convenient way of life every day for the Bay Area— and when disaster strikes, it will protect and save lives and the future of the Bay Area.
The Time to Act is Now
Every day that passes brings a higher risk of a catastrophic Bay Area earthquake, and the risks— 29 percent chance in the next 10 years, 62 percent chance in the next 30 years— are already frighteningly high. The leisurely approach to safety that has characterized the replacement of the East Span of the Bay Bridge must be made a thi g of the past, and the Bay Area and the state must resolve to prepare for the coming quake with the speed and determination that is due for a threat of this magnitude. The emergency response and recovery transportation system must be fully implemented as quickly as possible, as if the lives of Bay Area residents depend on it— because they do.
Recommendations
The State of California should adopt and implement a disaster response and recovery transportation system. The disaster response and recovery water transportation system described in this report has an estimated capital cost of $ 1.6 billion. The Legislature and Governor should fund the system immediately through state disaster recovery bonds, combined with federal homeland security funding, other federal matching funds, and other available financing
19
mechanisms. As a disaster response and recovery program, the Task Force anticipates that this project will not compete against public transit for funding but rather that it will prima ily be funded from dedicated emergency preparation funds.
Although funding of infrastructure is essential, money alone will not prepare us, or our government, to respond in a disaster. Real changes in governmental authority and responsibility are indispensable to that goal. The Legislature and Governor should, by statute, immediately designate the Water Transit Authority as the Bay Area Maritime Emergency Transportation Coordinator and give it th mandate, responsibility, and all necessary and appropriate powers to develop and operate a comprehensive emergency water transit system as quickly as p ssible. Only by designating and fully empowering a single agency to plan, implement, and operate emergency water transit can the Bay Area hope to avoid the failures of leadership that doomed New Orleans. In order to achieve the full benefits of coordinated leadership— along with substantial cost savings and improved route connectivity— the Legislature and the Governor, together with MTC and existing public ferry operators, should work towards a goal of merging all ferry services into a single operating agency, the WTA.
The Water Transit Authority should, in cooperation with the California Office of Emergency Services, identify and rapidly procure the new equipment that has the highest priority for regional emergency response and recovery. These highest‐ priority needs would likely include, but may not be limited to: equipment‐ moving vessels that can transport fire trucks, ambulances, and other first‐ response equipment to any corner of the Bay; and an emergency radio or satellite communications system that provides instant communication with marine vessels and operator . The WTA should also actively encourage and influence the development of new marine transportation technologies that are criti al to Bay Area emergency transportation. For example, in order to ensure that next‐ generation hovercraft designs meet the
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operational and environmental needs of the Bay Area, the WTA should develop and promote performance specifications for a Bay Area hovercraft that is quiet, highly maneuverable, and environmentally benign.
Finally, in order to speed vessel production and maximize Bay Area economic benefits, the Water Transit Authority should give preference to shipbuilders that establish a manufacturing base in the Bay Area. A new Bay Area shipyard would allow the 88‐ vessel Bay Area emergency water transportation fleet to be built and deployed much more quickly— and potentially at lower cost— than existing builders alone can manage. Local production would also allow the Bay Area to capture substantial economic benefits from hundreds of millions of dollars f shipbuilding expenditures. A local shipyard producing Bay Area emergency vessels could generate hundreds or thousands of new well‐ paying jobs and would re‐ launch a historically important Bay Area industry.
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Respectfully submitted to the Bay Area Council and the California State Legislature by the Blue Ribbon Task Force:
____________________________
Ron Cowan
CEO, the Doric Group
Task Force Co‐ Chairman
____________________________
Bruce Spaulding
Vice Chancellor, UCSF
Task Force Co‐ Chairman
____________________________
Jerry Bridges
Executive Director, Port of Oakland
____________________________
Carney Campion
General Manager ( Retired) Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District
____________________________
Russell Hancock
CEO, Joint Venture: Silicon Valley Network
____________________________
John Martin
Airport Director, San Francisco International Airport
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Acknowledgements
The Bay Area Council gratefully acknowledges the assistance, consultation, and data provided by the following:
Association of Bay Area Governments
Atlas Hovercraft
Bay Area Water Transit Authority
California Little Hoover Commission
California Maritime Academy
California Office of Emergency Services
Golden Gate Bridge, Highway, and Transportation District
Kvichak Marine
Metropolitan Transportation Commission
Pacific Gas & Electric Company
Port of Oakland
San Francisco International Airport
Professor Frieder Seible, University of California at San Diego
URS Corporation
United States Coast Guard
United States Geological Survey
23
24
Appendix MTC Estimates of Emergency Recovery Ferry Ridership
Table 1
Potential for Emergency Ferry Routes - Golden Gate Bridge Scenario
Average Peak Hour Ferry Trips
Trip Type
Current ( 2006) Daily Person Trips
Estimated Daily Person Trips During Emergency
Peak Hour Factor
Trips
Work Trips
76,100
57,100
0.115
6,600
Non- Work Trips
74,000
24,600
0.115
2,800
Truck Trips
6,400
1,000
0.100
100
Total Trips
156,500
82,700
0.100
9,500
Table 2
Potential for Emergency Ferry Routes - San Francisco- Oakland Bay Bridge Scenario
Average Peak Hour Ferry Trips
Trip Type
Current ( 2006) Daily Person Trips
Estimated Daily Person Trips During Emergency
Peak Hour Factor
Trips
Work Trips
313,600
235,200
0.115
27,000
Non- Work Trips
186,000
61,900
0.115
7,100
Truck Trips
22,200
3,300
0.100
300
Total Trips
521,800
300,400
0.100
34,400
Table 3
Potential for Emergency Ferry Routes - San Mateo- Hayward Bridge Scenario
Average Peak Hour Ferry Trips
Trip Type
Current ( 2006) Daily Person Trips
Estimated Daily Person Trips During Emergency
Peak Hour Factor
Trips
Work Trips
59,000
44,300
0.115
5,100
Non- Work Trips
46,600
15,500
0.115
1,800
Truck Trips
7,500
1,100
0.100
100
Total Trips
113,100
60,900
0.100
7,000
25
Table 4
Potential for Emergency Ferry Routes - Dumbarton Bridge Scenario
Average Peak Hour Ferry Trips
Trip Type
Current ( 2006) Daily Person Trips
Estimated Daily Person Trips During Emergency
Peak Hour Factor
Trips
Work Trips
48,300
12,100
0.115
1,400
Non- Work Trips
42,000
4,200
0.115
500
Truck Trips
4,700
200
0.100
0
Total Trips
95,000
16,500
0.100
1,900
Table 5
Potential for Emergency Ferry Routes - Richmond- San Rafael Bridge Scenario
Average Peak Hour Ferry Trips
Trip Type
Current ( 2006) Daily Person Trips
Estimated Daily Person Trips During Emergency
Peak Hour Factor
Trips
Work Trips
48,200
36,200
0.115
4,200
Non- Work Trips
47,900
16,000
0.115
1,800
Truck Trips
4,700
700
0.100
100
Total Trips
100,800
52,900
0.100
6,100
Table 6
Potential for Emergency Ferry Routes - Carquinez Bridge Scenario
Average Peak Hour Ferry Trips
Trip Type
Current ( 2006) Daily Person Trips
Estimated Daily Person Trips During Emergency
Peak Hour Factor
Trips
Work Trips
52,400
39,300
0.115
4,500
Non- Work Trips
70,900
23,600
0.115
2,700
Truck Trips
8,700
1,300
0.100
100
Total Trips
132,000
64,200
0.100
7,300
26
Table 7
Potential for Emergency Ferry Routes - Benicia- Martinez Bridge Scenario
Average Peak Hour Ferry Trips
Trip Type
Current ( 2006) Daily Person Trips
Estimated Daily Person Trips During Emergency
Peak Hour Factor
Trips
Work Trips
55,700
41,800
0.115
4,800
Non- Work Trips
111,900
37,300
0.115
4,300
Truck Trips
10,000
1,500
0.100
200
Total Trips
177,600
80,600
0.100
9,300
Table 8
Potential for Emergency Ferry Routes - Antioch Bridge Scenario
Average Peak Hour Ferry Trips
Trip Type
Current ( 2006) Daily Person Trips
Estimated Daily Person Trips During Emergency
Peak Hour Factor
Trips
Work Trips
2,500
1,900
0.115
200
Non- Work Trips
11,500
3,800
0.115
400
Truck Trips
300
0
0.100
0
Total Trips
14,300
5,700
0.100
600
Table 9
Potential for Emergency Ferry Routes - All Bridges Scenario
Average Peak Hour Ferry Trips
Trip Type
Current ( 2006) Daily Person Trips
Estimated Daily Person Trips During Emergency
Peak Hour Factor
Trips
Work Trips
655,800
350,925
0.115
40,400
Non- Work Trips
590,800
140,175
0.115
16,100
Truck Trips
64,500
6,825
0.100
700
Total Trips
1,311,100
497,925
0.100
57,200
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Table 10
Potential for Emergency Ferry Routes - Southern Bridges Scenario
Average Peak Hour Ferry Trips
Trip Type
Current ( 2006) Daily Person Trips
Estimated Daily Person Trips During Emergency
Peak Hour Factor
Trips
Work Trips
420,900
218,700
0.115
25,200
Non- Work Trips
274,600
61,200
0.115
7,000
Truck Trips
34,400
3,450
0.100
300
Total Trips
729,900
283,350
0.100
32,500
Table 11
Potential for Emergency Ferry Routes - Golden Gate / Richmond- San Rafael Scenario
Average Peak Hour Ferry Trips
Trip Type
Current ( 2006) Daily Person Trips
Estimated Daily Person Trips During Emergency
Peak Hour Factor
Trips
Work Trips
124,300
69,975
0.115
8,000
Non- Work Trips
121,900
30,450
0.115
3,500
Truck Trips
11,100
1,275
0.100
100
Total Trips
257,300
101,700
0.100
11,600
Assumptions:
In an emergency recovery scenario in which one toll bridge is disabled ( tables 1 through 3 and 5 through 8), it is assumed that ferry trips in the bridge corridor would include 75 percent of the pre- emergency level of home- based work trips; 33 percent of non- work trips; and 15 percent of truck trips. Other trips would divert to other in- service bridges, or would not occur.
For the Dumbarton Bridge scenario ( table 4), it is assumed that ferry trips in the bridge corridor would include 25 percent of the pre- emergency level of home- based work trips; 10 percent of non- work trips; and 5 percent of truck trips. The lower rates of ferry use in the Dumbarton- only scenario reflect the opportunity for traffic to loop south of the Bay, through Santa Clara County.
Tables 9 through 11 present scenarios in which more than one bridge is out of service. Ferry trips are assumed to equal the sum of the trips in the relevant single- bridge scenarios, less 25 percent. This additional 25 percent reduction is intended to reflect a reduction in overall economic activity in the region that is assumed to follow an earthquake or other emergency violent enough to close multiple toll bridges.
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| Title | The Bay : the transportation spine for disaster recovery : essential infrastructure and effective governance for emergency water transit |
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| Transcript | THE BAY – THE TRANSPORTATION SPINE FOR DISASTER RECOVERY Essential Infrastructure and Effective Governance for Emergency Water Transit A report of the Blue Ribbon Task Force on Disaster Recovery Water Transit April, 2006 CO‐ CHAIRS Ron Cowan Chief Executive Officer The Doric Group Bruce Spaulding Vice Chancellor University of California at San Francisco MEMBERS Jerry Bridges Executive Director Port of Oakland Carney Campion General Manager ( Retired) Golden Gate Bridge, Highway, and Transportation District Russell Hancock Chief Executive Officer Joint Venture: Silicon Valley Network John Martin Airport Director San Francisco International Airport About the Bay Area Council Founded in 1945, the Bay Area Council is an advocate for a strong economy, a vital business environment, and a better quality of life for everyone who lives here. Led by CEOs, the Bay Area Council presents a strong, united voice for hundreds of major employers throughout the Bay Area region whom employ more than 495,000 workers, or one of every six private sector employees in the Bay Area. ▪ www. bayareacouncil. org ▪ info@ bayareacouncil. org ▪ 415‐ 981‐ 6600 ▪ Foreword In light of the devastation of New Orleans and the obvious failures of physical preparation and governmental response, and with the California Legislature considering a bond measure to fund infrastructure and safety improvements, California Senate President Pro Tempore Don Perata requested that the Bay Area Council prepare a report on the role of water t ansportation in meeting emergency transportation needs in the Bay Area. In response, the Bay Area Council appointed a Blue Ribbon Task Force, composed of: Co‐ Chairman Ron Cowan, CEO of the Doric Group ( and Chairman of the previous Blue Ribbon Task Force responsible for the creation of the Water Transit Authority). Co‐ Chairman Bruce Spaulding, Vice Chancellor of the University of California at San Francisco. Jerry Bridges, Executive Director of the Port of Oakland. Carney Campion, Retired General Manager of the Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District. Russell Hancock, CEO of Joint Venture: Silicon Valley Network. John Martin, Airport Director of San Francisco International Airport. The work of the Task Force was supported by Bay Area Council Vice President Michael Cunningham and by the legal counsel of Morr son and Foerster LLP. The Task Force consulted extensively with agencies responsible for planning and coordinating emergency response transportation; with experts on earthquake risk and vulnerability; and with vessel suppliers and operators. Experts advised the Task Force that earthquake risks facing the Bay Area are real and staggeringly large and that the regiona transportation system will not survive intact. In the post‐ September 11 environment, the region’s bridges and mass transit systems are also potential terrorist targets. The loss of any portion of the regional transportation system, from either natural or man‐ made disaster, would place lives and property at risk and would seriously undermine the Bay Area economy. Without the security and flexibility of a greatly expanded water transit system, the vulnerable regional transportation system will be unable to provide necessary mobility for disaster response and recovery. The Task Force was impressed to learn the extent of planning and coordination that is already in place between the Coastal Dist ict of the California Office of Emergency Services ( CalOES), the Metropolitan Transportation Commission ( MTC), United States Coast Guard, Caltrans, and others. However, the Task Force was dismayed to find that water transportation, while widely acknowledged as critical backup for known transportation system vulnerabilities, is only loosely integrated into overall regional emergency response plans. With bridges, roads, highways, tunnels, and trains out of service, only the waters of the Bay are certain to remain open for traffic. Existing water transportation capacity, however, is grossly inadequate to meet identified and likely emergency transportation needs. The California Office of Emergency Services and MTC are currently working with consultant URS Corporation to further refine a d expand regional emergency response plans, and the Task Force was fortunate to benefit from their work and to contribute its ideas about the important role of water tran portation. The Task Force developed a high‐ level conceptual plan that defines the important roles for water transportation in emergencies and that identifies the need for dramatically enhanced infrastructure and equipment and greatly strengthened legal authority for water transportation to provide this critical transportation service in times of catastrophe. With invaluable assistance from the CEO of the Water Transit Authority ( WTA)— and drawing upon ii expertise and input from CalOES, MTC, the United States Coast Guard, Port of Oakland, San Francisco International Airport, UCSF and others— the Task Force has developed the plan described in this report. If implemented, this plan will elevate water transportation to an appropriately prominent level in regional emergency preparedness and respons plans, so that emergency response coordinators will know that backup water transportation will be available when bridges, highways, and tunnels are out of service. The Task Force plan will: streamline the coordination of response by public and private water vessels, by designating a single responsible planning and coordination agency. provide a comprehensive system of permanent and portable terminals that can serve any corner of the Bay. provide a large fleet of vessels of various types that can evacuate the stranded and injured, transport first responders to their duty stations, carry ambulances and fire trucks to where they are most needed, and move cargo and emergency relief supplies and equipment. The same fleet can later help move people and goods as the region struggles to recover and return to life. Implementing this plan and creating the robust emergency water transportation system that it envisions quite literally can save the Bay Area— the lives of its people, and the life of its economy. Jim Wunderman President and CEO, Bay Area Council Ex officio, Blue Ribbon Task Force iii iv Executive Summary Having witnessed the horrific destruction and suffering that befell New Orleans, the Bay Area must ensure that it is more fully prepared to meet the known and likely dangers that this region faces. Residents of New Orleans paid an unthinkable price due to two types of failure. First, that region failed to protect itself with necessary infrastructure and equipment. In spite of the well‐ known risks facing New Orleans, government failed to build adequate protective infrastructure and failed to provide adequate emergency transportation. Second, the government at all levels lacked clear lines of legal authority and lines of communications to deal with the catastrophic c nditions, and then failed to provide leadership in the face of a disaster that grew worse by the day. The Bay Area faces an earthquake threat that is equal in magnitude to Hurricane Katrina and just as well documented. The U. S. Geological Survey says that the Bay Area faces high risk of a massive and deadly earthquake in the near future: 29 percent chance of magnitude 6.7 or greater in 10 years, 62 percent in 30 years. FEMA says that the very possible repeat of the 1906 San Andreas Fault earthquake could kill 5,000 people, hospitalize 18,000, make 165,000 families homeless, and cause $ 70 billion to $ 90 billion of property damage. The Association of Bay Area Govern‐ ments says that over 1,700 roads would be closed by a major earthquake on the Hayward Fault. All transbay bridges and the BART tube would be closed— either damaged, destroyed, or inaccessible due to access road failure. The California Health and Human Services Agency reports that 61 Bay Area hospitals have at least one building that will not s rvive a major earthquake intact, creating a need to transport patients and victims across the Bay to functioning hospitals. With the regional transportation system disabled, first‐ responders will be unable to help tens of thousands of homeless, injured, and starving victims. A failure of transportation will be particularly devastating to the most vulnerable of our population, the elderly, children, and the poor. v With bridges, roads, highways, tunnels, and trains out of service, only the waters of the Bay are certain to remain open for traffic. All of the emergency transportation needs— to save lives and property, restore order and safety, and reunite families— that would otherwise have been met on land will instead need to be served by water vessel. Water transportation will be the only transbay system that is immediately available to move first responders to affected area , evacuate stranded and wounded, and transport equipment and supplies to points of need. Current infrastructure and equipment capabilities are grossly inadequate to the physical task. Ferry terminals exist in only a few spots on the Bay, and the vessel fleet lacks the capacity to make up for even one out‐ of‐ service bridge. The few vessels that exist are in the hands of many different public and private owners and operators, and there is no detailed plan or identified leader to activate and coordinate them. The Task Force has developed an emergency water transit plan that fills this void. The proposed system is robust and flexible, with clear leadership. It can meet the most important transbay emergency response and recovery transportation needs to protect the Bay Area and its esidents. Emergency response needs cannot be precisely predicted, so the proposed system is inherently flexible and will meet needs of many types, in any location on the Bay. Existing ferry terminals cover only a narrow range of the Bay and leave large swaths— particularly in the North Bay and South Bay— with no emergency water transit capability. To fill these gaps, the Task Force proposes thirty new terminals, including both permanent terminals as well as temporary portable terminals that can be quickly deployed anywhere that they are needed. A fleet of 88 new vessels would include a mix of vessel types and sizes to meet a wide range of needs. An expanded fleet of high‐ speed passenger ferries will be supplemented with vi quiet next‐ generation hovercraft vessels that can operate in the shallowest possible waters, on land, and across otherwise impassable terrain. Roll‐ on roll‐ off cargo hovercraft will move ambulances, fire trucks, and other emergency equipment. Cargo ferries and barges will be able to move the large quantities of relief supplies that will arrive from outside the regio . Moreover, despite the sincere and dedicated efforts of California Office of Emergency Services ( CalOES), the Metropolitan Transportation Commission ( MTC), United States Coast Guard, Caltrans, and others, the current legal authority to plan, fund and implement the necessary water transportation infrastructure and equipment is too diffuse, and the specific operational authority and responsibility to actually run the water transportation system in an emergency is s milarly scattered. Meeting the challenge thus requires not only money for capital improvements, but also a strengthening in governance over emergency water transportation, building on the key principal role of the California Office of Emergency Services. It is not only impractical, but rather impossible, to cobble together an emergency water transportation system after‐ the‐ fact. Moreover, it is a task of years, not months, to create the essential infrastructure, even if the required legal authority and funding is made available. In light of the ever‐ present threat, we must begin this crucial effort without delay. Recommendations. The State of California should adopt and implement a disaster response and recovery transportation system. The disaster response and recovery water transportation system described in this report has an estimated capital cost of $ 1.6 billion. The Legislature and Governor should fund the system immediately through state disaster recovery bonds, combined with federal homeland security funding, other federal matching funds, and other available financing mechanisms. As a disaster response and recovery program, the Task Force anticipates that this project will not compete against public transit for funding but rather vii that it will primarily be funded from dedicated emergency preparation funds. The Legislature and Governor should, by statute, immediately designate the Water Transit Authority as the Bay Area Maritime Emergency Transportation Coordinator and give it th mandate, responsibility, and all necessary and appropriate powers to develop and operate a comprehensive emergency response and recovery water transpor ation system as quickly as possible. Only by designating and fully empowering a single agency to plan, implement, and operate emergency water transportation can the Bay Area hope to avoid the failures of leadership that doomed New Orleans. In order to achieve the full benefits of coordinated leadership— along with substantial cost savings and improved route connectivity— the Legislature and the Governor, together with MTC and existing public ferry operators, should work towards a goal of merging all ferry services into a single agency, the WTA. The Water Transit Authority should, in cooperation with the California Office of Emergency Services, identify and rapidly procure the new equipment that has the highest priority for regional emergency response and recovery. These highest‐ priority needs would likely include, but may not be limited to: equipment‐ moving vessels that can transport fire trucks, ambulances, and other first‐ response equipment to any corner of the Bay; and emergency communications systems that provide instant communication between with marine vessels and operators. The WTA should also actively encourage and influence the development of new marine technologies that are critical to Bay Area emergency transportation. For example, in order to ensure that next‐ generation hovercraft designs meet the operational and environmental needs of the Bay Area, the WTA should develop and promote performance specifications for a Bay Area hovercraft that is quiet, highly maneuverable, and environmentally benign. viii Finally, in order to speed vessel production and maximize Bay Area economic benefits, the Water Transit Authority should give preference to shipbuilders that establish a manufacturing base in the Bay Area. A new Bay Area shipyard would allow the 88‐ vessel Bay Area emergency water transportation fleet to be built and deployed much more quickly— and potentially at lower cost— than existing builders alone can manage. Local production would also allow the Bay Area to capture substantial economic benefits from hundreds of millions of dollars f shipbuilding expenditures. A local shipyard producing Bay Area emergency vessels could generate hundreds or thousands of new well‐ paying jobs and would re‐ launch a historically important Bay Area industry. The former Alameda Naval Air Station, with its protected Seaplane Lagoon, offers an ideal location to establish a new shipbuilding industry. Although funding of infrastructure is essential, money alone will not prepare us, or our government, to respond in a disaster. Real change in governmental authority and responsibility is indispensable to that goal. Action Now. Every day that passes brings a higher risk of a catastrophic Bay Area earthquake, and the risks— 29 percent chance in the next 10 years, 62 percent chance in the next 30 years— are already frighteningly high. The leisurely approach to safety that has characterized the replacement of the East Span of the Bay Bridge must be made a thi g of the past. The Bay Area and the state must resolve to prepare for the coming quake with the speed and determination that is due for a th eat of this magnitude. The emergency response and recovery transportation system must be fully implemented as quickly as possible, as if the lives of Bay Area residents depend on it— because they do. ix x Bay Area Must Prepare for Looming Disaster The world has recently seen all too clearly the horrific consequences that natural disasters deliver to unprepared communities. In Southeast Asia swept by a tsunami and in Pakistan rocked by an earthquake, millions of lives were upended and hundreds of thousands died. Americans responded with empathy and concern and opened their wallets to help victims that, in many cases, live in regions too remote or too poor to have prepared for such disasters. When hurricanes Katrina and Rita swept through Louisiana and Mississippi, Americans again responded with empathy, concern, and financial and direct assistance. But they also struggled to understand how a nation as wealthy and technologically advanced as ours could have so thoroughly f iled to protect the welfare of its own citizens. There may be room for debate as to why preparations for the safety of New Orleans residents were so grossly inadequate, but the results of this failure of planning and leadership are unquestionable, and unacceptable. “ In 1995, when a quake of the same magnitude [ as Loma Prieta] struck Kobe, Japan, another bayside urban area thought to be well prepared for earth- quakes, more than 6,000 people died and the damage amounted to $ 100 billion. Had the Loma Prieta quake been centered in San Jose, Oakland, or San Francisco, similar losses could have occurred.” — USGS 1 The Bay Area is no stranger to natural disasters, having faced earthquakes, wildfires, and flooding, but the actual scale of the earthquake danger that the region faces can be difficult to grasp. There is no question if a major earthquake will hit, only some— but not much— uncertainty about when. The strength of the coming earthquake and the devastation are well documented. According to the United States Geological Survey ( USGS), the Bay Area faces a 29 percent chance of a magnitude 6.7 or greater earthquake in the next 10 years, rising to a 62 percent likelihood in 30 years. 1 United States Geological Survey, Fact Sheet 039‐ 03: Is a Powerful Quake Likely to Strike in the Next 30 Years?, 2003. 1 Probability of Major (> 6.7) Bay Area Earthquake0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 110203040506070809010YearsProbability 0 Comparisons to Loma Prieta are misplaced. That earthquake was centered in an unpopulated area 60 miles from San Francisco, lasted a short 15 seconds, ruptured only 25 miles of fault, and focused its destructive energy southwards, away from the populated Bay Area. The Bay Area faces the known threat of an earthquake that could easily be much stronger, last much longer, and rupture 300 miles of fault directly underneath heavily populated parts of the Bay Area. The devastation from this coming earthquake will be nothing like that from Loma Prieta. The Bay Area faces a threat equal in scale to Katrina, but it has the opportunity to prepare in advance. We know that “ the Big One” is coming and that the consequences will be catastrophic. Will the Bay Area follow the path of poor 2 United States Geological Survey, Working Group On California Earthquake Probabilities, Earthquake Probabilities in the San Francisco Bay Region: 2002– 2031 ( OFR 03‐ 214), 2003. 2 planning, inadequate preparation, and irresolute leadership that doomed the residents of New Orleans, or will we act today to put in place the physical and organizational infrastructure to protect the population? For all who watched the suffering of victims in Asia, Pakistan, and New Orleans, the choice is self‐ evident: we must prepare, and prepare quickly and fully. Bay Area Transportation System at Risk Though the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake was brief and its epicenter remote, its effect in the populated core of the Bay Area was dramatic. Sixty‐ eight people died, and 700 were injured. Buildings were toppled or shaken from their foundations, buildings burned in San Francisco’s Marina district, and electricity was out for days in some areas. A segment of the Bay Bridge collapsed, killing one motorist and closing the bridge for four weeks. The elevated I‐ 880 Cypress Structure collapsed totally, killing 42 people. Highway 17, connecting Santa Cruz and San Jose, was closed for a month by landslide. The Embarcadero Freeway and parts of the Central Freeway in San Francisco were permanently disabled and eventually removed. In total, over 100 streets and freeways were closed, and three months later only half had been reopened to traffic. “ The risk is not in doubt. Engineering, common sense, and knowledge from prior earthquakes tells us that the consequences of the 1989 [ Loma Prieta] and 1994 [ Northridge] earth- quakes, as devastating as they were, were small when compared to what is likely when a large earthquake strikes directly under an urban area, not at its periphery. Geological science makes it clear that such an event will happen.” — Caltrans Seismic Advisory Board4 For all of its destructiveness, Loma Prieta was only a gentle warning to the Bay Area of the risks that it faces when a stronger earthquake strikes in the hea t of the Bay Area. The USGS has focused on calculating the probability of an earthquake of magnitude 6.7 or greater, but the major faults that underlie the Bay Area are prepared to generate quakes much more powerful than that. The San Andreas Fault could produce 8.0,3 stronger than the 1906 earthquake and 3 California Department of Transportation, San Francisco‐ Oakland Bay Bridge East Span Seismic Safety Project, Final Environmental Impact Statement, 2001. 4 Caltrans Seismic Advisory Board, The Race to Seismic Safety, 2003. 3 approximately 30 times stronger than Loma Prieta. The Hayward Fault could produce an earthquake of magnitude 7.25— less than the maximum energy from the San Andreas, but potentially more damaging due to its orientation directly through the heavily populated East Bay. Still more frightening, “ the earthquake” may well be “ the earthquakes”— possibly quite a few of them. In the 50 years leading up to the 1906 earthquake, the Bay Area experienced 29 earthquakes of magnitude 5.5 or greater. According to the USGS, a tremendous amount of strain had built up on Bay Area faults in the late 1800s, triggering this staggering run of powerful earthquakes and culminating in the massive 1906 quake. Together— and capped by the 1906 quake— these earthquakes released so much energy that Bay Area faults have been largely quiet for much of the past century, producing only 11 earthquakes of magnitude 5.5 or greater. The faults have not been dormant, however. Strain has been building and building, nearing the breaking point. A major earthquake is a certainty— and possibly even a return to the earthquake‐ after‐ earthquake environment of the late 1800s. 5 Loma Prieta( Actual) Hayward 6.9( Forecast) 050100150Uninhabita b le Homes ( Thousands) As destructive as Loma Prieta was, an earthquake of magnitude 6.7 or greater that is centered in the populated core of the Bay Area will cause death, destruction, and disarray that is many orders of magnitude greater. According to the United States Geological Survey, the ground surface will be displaced from five to 25 feet at the fault, severing roadways and utilities. The soil that supports structures built on landfill will liquefy, subsiding beneath buildings, roadways, and buried water and gas pipelines. Strong shaking will damage even the most highly‐ engineered bridges. Dozens of seismically unsound hospital buildings will be disabled or destroyed. Landslides will wipe out homes and inundate roadways, and fires will rage across the region. While Loma Prieta made 13,000 housing units 5 USGS, Fact Sheet 039‐ 03. 6 Association of Bay Area Governments, The Problem – Loma Prieta and Northridge Were a Wake‐ Up Call, 2003. 4 uninhabitable, the Association of Bay Area Governments ( ABAG) estimates that 160,000 housing units would be destroyed or otherwise made uninhabitable by a repeat of the 1906 San Andreas ea thquake. 7 Almost half of Bay Area homes would be without running water, and power to much of the region will be out. The Federal Emergency Management Agency estimates 5,000 deaths, 18,000 casualties requiring hospitalization, 165,000 left homeless, and $ 70 billion to $ 90 billion of building damage. In the face of this catastrophe, first‐ responders will struggle to help the most vulnerable while simultaneously battling fires, leaking gas and water pipelines, and downed electrical utilities. The regional transportation system will immediately be called upon to move firefighters and equipment to battle blazes across he region, rescue the trapped, transport the injured to medical treatment, evacuate damaged hospitals, and transport food, water, and emergency relief supplies. Once immediate life and safety needs are under control, effective transportation will be required to help life return to a semblance of normality and to support the economic rebirth f the region. Reliance on the transportation system is heightened in the Bay Area, divided as it is by the waters of the Bay. Without its bridges and BART system to provide transbay mobility, regional transportation— and regional emergency response— in the Bay Area would be crippled. Loma Prieta( Actual) Hayward 6.9( Forecast) 05001,0001,500Closed Roads While the regional transportation system has a vital role to play in emergency response and recovery, it will not survive a major earthquake intact. According a 2003 ABAG analysis, a large earthquake on either the San Andreas or the Hayward faults would devastate the Bay Area’s transportation system. A magnitude 6.9 earthquake along the full length of the Hayward fault would result in an estimated 1,734 road closures and ri ks disabling use of all of the Bay Area toll bridges. A repeat of the 1906 earthquake along the entire Bay Area length of the San Andreas fault would close 1,332 roads. 7 Ibid. 5 The San Mateo, Dumbarton, and Bay bridges would be out of service, with all other toll bridges also at serious risk. 8 “ From an emergency plan- ning perspective, this earthquake [ of magnitude 6.9 along the full length of the Hayward fault] is particularly problematic because all of the Bay Area’s toll bridges may be affected, either directly or due to closures of local roads feeding the bridges.” — ABAG11 Nearly two‐ thirds of all deaths in Loma Prieta were due to catastrophic failure of the transportation system. Since then, billions of dollars have been spent to evaluate and remedy the most serious transportation system vulnerabilities. While these investments greatly reduce the chances that a major quake will cause fatal transportation failures, they offer no guarantee that the transportation system will survive a major earthquake unscathed and remain fully operational. In fact, ABAG warns emergency planners to assume that all toll bridges will be unusable after a major earthquake, either due to bridge damage or access road damage. 9 Notwithstanding all of the efforts made and underway to improve transportation system safety, ABAG and USGS10 warn that Bay Area transportation faces risks that cannot be avoided: “ It is not technically possible or economically practical to expect that all bridges will be undamaged when an earthquake occurs. Indeed, the seismic performance goal is that a standard bridge will remain life- safe, but may be significantly damaged, possibly beyond repair, and important bridges on lifeline routes remain in service. The demand following an earth- quake is on the restoration of the economic functioning of the community, in which highways and bridges provide vital links, and without which recovery is impeded.” — Caltrans Seismic Advisory Board 12 Toll bridges will likely be closed by a major earthquake, either by bridge damage or by access road failure. Soil liquefaction will cause roads near the Bay— such as bridge approaches, US 101 and Interstate 80 and 880— to buckle and subside, leaving them impassable. Violent ground movement and fault slip of five to 25 feet will open large fractures in roadways. Landslides will block roadways. The BART Berkeley Hills Tunnel, which passes directly through the Hayward Fault, will be badly damaged and potentially closed for years. 8 Association of Bay Area Governments, Riding Out Future Quakes, 2003 update. 9 Ibid. 10 USGS presentation, When it Happens Again— Working Together to Reduce Future Losses, 2006. 11 ABAG, op cit. 12 Caltrans Seismic Advisory Board, op cit. 6 What About Regional Emergencies Other Than Earthquakes? Earthquakes are not the only risk facing the Bay Area. Heavy rains and local flooding and landslides have been known to close Bay Area roads, but a truly catastrophic scenario could occur if a warm tropical rain storm melts a heavy Sierra snowpack and causes massive flooding and levee failure in the Delta. California has been hit by tsunamis in the past, most recently one that struck Crescent City in 1964, killing 12 people. Bay Area tsunami risk has not been studied in detail, but a large tsunami, similar to the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, could swamp many low- lying coastal and bayshore areas. Not only natural disasters threaten the Bay Area; the National Terrorism Risk Insurance Act cites San Francisco as one of the four U. S. cities facing the highest risk of terrorist attack. Major transportation facilities such as the Bay Bridge, Golden Gate Bridge, and BART are considered high- risk targets. Any one of these natural or man- made disasters would damage or obstruct the regional transportation system at the same time that it increases the importance of that system for emergency response efforts. The major earthquake predicted by the United States Geological Survey is, however, undoubtedly the worst- case scenario. Only a major earthquake will cause widespread and comprehensive devastation across the entire Bay Area. By fully preparing for a major earthquake, the Bay Area will be better prepared to deal with the consequences of any major regional emergency. Those vulnerabilities represent the best‐ case scenario, in which a major earthquake does not hit until the Bay Area has completed all planned seismic safety projects. But there is a 29 percent chance of a major earthquake in the next 10 years, and many important seismic safety projects are far from complete; in some cases they do not even have funding. If a major earthquake— such as a repeat of the 1906 quake, or a 7.25 Hayward quake— strikes during this most highly vulnerable phase, the Bay Area transportation system would suffer catastrophic consequences: Collapse of the original east span of the Bay Bridge. 13 Failure and leaking of the BART transbay tube. 14 Collapse of elevated BART tracks. 15 Collapse of 293 local road bridges and overpasses that have not yet been retrofitted. 16 13 USGS, When it Happens Again. 14 Bay Area Rapid Transit District, BART Seismic Vulnerability Study, 2002. 15 Ibid. 16 Caltrans Seismic Advisory Board, op cit., and Caltrans District 4 Local Assistance, unpublished data, 2006. 7 What is Needed: Emergency Response and Disaster Recovery Water Transportation System With the regional transportation system— including transbay bridges and tunnels— out of service, first‐ responders will be hard‐ pressed to fulfill the monumental challenge facing them. California’s basic system of emergency response is founded upon an escalating structure of mutual‐ aid, in which cities call for assistance from neighboring cities, then from the county, then from neighboring counties, then from the state, and then from other states and the federal government. A San Andreas, Hayward, or other major earthquake will trigger a need for all of these forms of assistance. However, without a functioning regional transportation system, it will be impossible to get aid where and when it is needed to save lives and property. With bridges, roads, highways, tunnels, and trains out of service, only the waters of the Bay are certain to remain open for traffic. All of the emergency transportation needs— to save lives and property, reunite families, and restore order and safety— that would otherwise have been met on land will instead need to be served by marine vessels. Water transportation will be the only transbay system that is immediately available to move first responders to affected area , evacuate stranded and wounded, and transport equipment and supplies to points of need. Meeting these broad and critical needs will require a comprehensive system that is robust, flexible, and responsive. Devastation will spare no part of the Bay Area, so the system must have the capability to reach into every corner of the Bay. New permanent terminals— constructed to the highest standards of earthquake resistance— would provide ready docking facilities around which local emergency response plans could be organized. Additional floating temporary terminals could be immediately deployed to any spot on the Bay, allowing water transportation connections to be 8 established to wherever the need arises. Including a number of hovercraft vessels in the fleet would provide the capability to navigate the shallowest of waters where no dredged channel or docking facilities exist; these vessels could continue beyond the waters edge over impassable roadways and open land. “ Apart from having tem- porary floating docks and gangways available for emergency events ( not a costly measure), having some additional reserve capacity in vessels should be the highest priority. As slower ferry vessels are replaced, the region should consider main- taining a fleet of ‘ ready reserve’ vessels that are not normally in ferry service.” — MTC Mutual‐ aid will be required to assist the most devastated parts of the region, so the system must have the capability to move heavy equipment and emergency relief supplies. The fleet should include, or have on‐ call access to, roll‐ on roll‐ off vessels that can accommodate heavy equipment such as ambulances, fire trucks and firefighting equipment, and heavy construction and rescue equipment. With permanent and temporary terminals around the Bay, the system would be able to deliver emergency response equipment to where lives and property are at greatest risk. Roll‐ on roll‐ off cargo hovercraft would provide the greatest degree of responsiveness, with an ability to traverse water and land to deposit emergency response equipment at any spot with no supporting infrastructu e. Dozens of seismically vulnerable hospitals ring the San Francisco Bay18 and many would be severely damaged in a major earthquak . With an estimated 8,000 to 18,000 casualties requiring medical care, and with damaged hospitals across the Bay Area, transporting patients across the Bay will become an imperative. Moving sick and injured patients from a damaged hospital to a sound facility is 17 Metropolitan Transportation Commission, San Francisco Bay Area Regional Ferry Plan Update, 1999. 18 Following the 1994 Northridge earthquake, California enacted legislation requiring hospitals to seismically upgrade in order to be safe for their patients and to ensure ability to receive those injured in an earthquake. However, the California Health and Human Services Agency reported in 2001 that there are 61 Bay Area hospitals have at least one buildi g that does not meet standards for seismic safety. Overall, 234 out of 467 Bay Area hospital buildings do not meet state seismic safety standards. ( Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development, Summary of Hospital Seismic Performance Ratings, 2001.) 9 logistically complex due to the need for uninterrupted care and the uncertainty of which medical facilities will be operational Earthquake casualties will not necessarily be able to be taken to the nearest hospital, which may be damaged or overwhelmed, so the system must have the capability to transport the injured across the Bay to surviving hospitals and other emergency medi al facilities. To provide necessary medical transportation the emergency water transportation system should include water transit vessels th t can function as paramedic or ambulance units. In addition, the roll‐ on roll‐ off cargo hovercraft should have the capability to transport ambulances and paramedic vehicles across the Bay. After the initial emergency response period has ended, limited regional transportation will hold the Bay Area back as its economy struggles to recover. The water transportation system must have the capacity and capability to move large numbers of people between home and work, and to transport goods to and from air and sea ports. Current ferries— even when supplemented with locally based private passenger ships and borrowed out‐ of‐ state ferries— would be able to meet only a tiny share of necessary transbay passenger trips. With a substantially expanded passenger fleet, it would be possible to meet significant transbay mobility needs with frequent service to the expanded system of permanent and temporary terminals that would ring the Bay. “ It is important to note that the economic recovery of the state after a damaging earthquake may be limited by the performance of these other bridges, and the speed with which other transportation modes are restored to pre- earthquake service condition.” — Caltrans Seismic Advisory Board 19 Following a major earthquake or other disaster, airport access will be vitally important for response and recovery; however, with bridges and highways closed it could be impossible for passengers and employees to reach the airport. Watercraft would likely be required to transport significant numbers of people to and from the airports. In a worst‐ case scenario with all bridges and BART out of service, San Francisco International Airport ( SFO) estimates that nearly 30,000 passengers and airport employees would require ferry transport from the East Bay and North Bay ea h day. Ferries 19 Caltrans Seismic Advisory Board, op cit. 10 would dock at SFO’s Seaplane Harbor or at the future South San Francisco ferry terminal and would be shuttled by bus to the ter inal complex. Even better service could be provided with hovercraft, due to their high operating speeds, zero draft, and ability to operate on water and land and with almost no landing facilities. San Francisco International and Oakland International airports face an additional emergency response need, due to the fact that their runways are adjacent to the San Francisco Bay. A commercial airliner that lands short of the runway may come to rest in shallow Bay waters, making rapid emergency response difficult with conventional watercraft and putting lives at risk. The Canadian Coast Guard maintains hovercraft at the ready at Vancouver International Airport for exactly this use, and it would be prudent for emergency response hovercraft to be situated near SFO and Oakland International Airport for rapid‐ response use. These vessels could also be outfitted to supplement the limited number of existing fire fighting boats on the Bay to provide range of emergency response needs. In addition to moving people, an emergency situation will create extraordinary needs to move equipment and cargo into the Bay Area and to distribute them to points of need. Next Generation Hovercraft For Emergency Transportation Many important ferry service opportunities cannot be well served with conventional watercraft, but next- generation hovercraft— ships that float on a cushion of air— hold great promise. Unlike conventional mono- hull or catamaran vessels, hovercraft have no water- depth requirement— when in operation, they do not even touch the water. With no need for a dredged channel or permanent docking facility and with their ability to operate equally well on water and land, hovercraft are ideal for emergency transportation. The broad capabilities of new hovercraft technology can be seen today in different vessels that have been specially designed to move passengers, ambulances and fire trucks, and heavy roll- on roll- off cargo. Hovercraft have less environmental impact than conventional craft because they require no dredging, create no wake, and pass harmlessly above submerged marine animals. Early hovercraft were shunned due to high noise levels and poor maneuverability, but new designs and technology promise to deliver hovercraft that are highly maneuverable, as quiet as conventional watercraft, and among the least- polluting vessels on the water. 11 With the regional transportation system disabled, water vessels will be called upon to move emergency equipment such as ambulances and fire trucks, medical supplies and equipment, food and drinking water, electric generators— everything needed to protect and save lives. For heavy cargo, the most efficient mode would be cargo barge. The Port of Oakland is evaluating large‐ capacity roll‐ on roll‐ off barges that can be loaded and unloaded quickly. Requirements for docking and loading facilities would be minimal, consisting only of a mooring location with a loading ramp and a nearby flat, paved area to handle the arrival and departure of containers. Transbay heavy cargo movement would require terminals at the Port of Oakland, near San Francisco, and in the South Bay ( e. g., Moffett Field). An additional terminal at the Port of Sacramento would provide redundant capacity in the event that an earthquake or other di aster rendered one or more terminals on San Francisco Bay unusable. Light cargo, such as FedEx and UPS air express packages, require a separate waterborne system that would allow packages to be moved efficiently in the event of bridge or highway closu e. In an emergency scenario, this system would allow small parcel cargo to be transported around the Bay Area. During non‐ emergency periods, the system would allow small parcel cargo to bypass heavily congested highways and bridges, speeding delivery and reducing truck traffic and pollution on Bay Area roads. Additional important needs include communications, berthing, and staffing. Without communication and coordination, even the most well‐ equipped emergency ferry system will be unable to meet the challenge. The emergency water transportation system must include a radio or satellite communication system that links all vessels and o erators to a central Emergency Operations Center. The large new fleet will also require a berthing and maintenance facility, which could be centrally located at a site such as the former Alameda Naval Air Station. When disaster strikes, trained crews will be needed in large numbers for round‐ the‐ clock 12 vessel operations. The California Maritime Academy in Vallejo, with over 900 full‐ time equivalent students, can provide a surge level of personnel to operate emergency vessels. The Academy also has a range of vessels that could be called into service, as well as the capability to operate as a central or auxiliary command center. The Task Force has determined, based on data and analysis by the Water Transit Authority and MTC, that the disaster response and recovery water transportation system described above will require an additional 30 terminals an 88 vessels, plus supporting equipment and facilities. Terminals include 15 new permanent terminals, located at sites that the Water Transit Authority has already evaluated and approved, plus an additional seven portable temporary terminals. Cargo and equipment transport will be supported with eight new terminals that could also accommodate passengers if necessary. Vessel needs include 76 new passenger ferries, of which approximately 10 would be passenger hovercraft able to service otherwise inaccessible locations. Four light‐ parcel hovercraft and two self‐ propelled heavy‐ cargo barges will service cargo needs, while four roll‐ on roll‐ off hovercraft and two ambulance ships will accommodate emergency equipment and medical needs. The WTA estimates that the total capital cost to implement this system, able to meet all transbay transportation needs in the event of emergency bridge closures, is approximately $ 1.6 billion. Because there are no expensive rights‐ of‐ way to be purchased— use of the waterway is free— this system is much less costly than other Bay Area transportation projects that have much less capacity. The cost of this system is modest in light of the lives and property that it would save, and it would pay for itself in just one or two months after a major disaster by preserving economic activity that would otherw se be lost due to lack of transbay transportation. 20 20 Association of Bay Area Governments, Macroeconomics Effects of the Loma Prieta Earthquake, 1991, estimates a 1.1 percent loss of gross regional product due to a 6 month emergency closure of the Bay Bridge. 13 Back to the Future for Emergency Water Transportation In the early decades of the 20th Century, ferries were the sole form of transbay transportation. Over many decades, the Bay Area has come to rely heavily on a “ modern” transportation system of highways, bridges, and passenger rail, while ferries have been relegated to a niche role. In times of emergency, however, our modern transportation system shows its limitations, and ferries have time and time again played an important role. While highways, bridges, and rail can only serve those destinations to which they are built, ferries provide an inherently flexible system that can respond to any corner of the Bay. While highways, bridges, and rail can all be damaged by natural or man‐ made disasters, the Bay will always be in operation as the “ open highway” for emergency response and recovery. In 1906, ferries— the only transbay mode at the time— evacuated an estimated 150,000 people from the burning shores of San Francisco, while inbound ferries from the East Bay carried water to survivors in San Francisco. In 1982, the North Bay was cut off by landslides on Highway 101, but ferries were able to carry 12,000 passengers a day between Larkspur and San Francisco. Loma Prieta saw the most dramatic emergency use of ferries in modern times. With the Bay Bridge damaged and closed to traffic, commuters turned to ferries, which were supplemented with new routes and borrowed vessels. Ferries came to the rescue on September 11th as well; with passenger rail closed in lower Manhattan, ferries evacuated thousands from Manhattan to neighboring boroughs and New Jersey. “ Ferries have a history in the Bay Area and through- out the world of assisting with emergency trans- portation following natural or man- made disasters. Experience shows that ferries’ flexibility and size are enormously valuable for moving large passenger loads efficiently. The most notable recent examples are the role ferries played following the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake and the 9/ 11 disaster in New York.” — WTA 21 Using current ( 2004) GRP of $ 352 billion produces a six‐ month economic loss of $ 3.9 billion, or $ 645 million per month. As the Bay Bridge carries only 40 percent of total Bay Area bridge traffic, loss of multiple bridges could easily double the economic cost. 21 Water Transit Authority, A Strategy to Improve Public Transit with an Environmentally Friendly Ferry System: Final Implementation & Operations Plan, 2003. 14 Organization for Emergency Response and Recovery California and the Bay Area have a comprehensive system to coordinate emergency response at all levels of government, with prescribed roles for each participating agency. The California Office of Emergency Services ( CalOES) is the state’s emergency response planning and coordination agency, with regional district offices that coordinate response to large‐ scale emergencies. The Coastal Region of the California Office of Emergency Services maintains a Regional Emergency Operations Center ( REOC) in Oakland; when activated, it is staffed by CalOES, Caltrans, the California Highway Patrol, United States Coast Guard, and the Metropolitan Transportation Commission. From its seat at the REOC, the Metropolitan Transportation Commission ( MTC) serves as the central point of coordination for regional public transportation needs. During an emergency, MTC will establish contact with transportation service operators ( public transit agencies, airports, seaports, etc.), maintain intelligence on their states of operation, and coordinate with the REOC to allocate transportation resources according to highest priority needs. Independently, MTC will coordinate and publicize non‐ emergency public transportation services. This emergency response coordination system is comprehensive and flexible enough to meet most needs; however, there is a void in the area of maritime transportation and services. Some vessels are under the operational control of ferry operators ( Golden Gate and City of Vallejo, for example). Other passenger vessels, such as the Hornblower excursion fleet, are operated independently, and other “ working” commercial vessels such as tugs, barges, and crew boats are widely dispersed. These private vessels will be extremely valuable resources for emergency response and recovery, but in the face of an emergency there will be no time to track them down, determine their capabilities, and negotiate for their use. There is a need for a single Bay Area agency to have the lead responsibility for maintaining 15 information on maritime assets and for coordinating with MTC and the REOC to activate and allocate them. The WTA has described an improved system to coordinate emergency marine transportation in its Regional Maritime Contingency Pla ( RMCP), but this plan has not been officially recognized or incorporated into overall regional emergency response plans. The RMCP provides guidelines and procedures to activate water transportation during the emergency response and recovery phase of a regional disaster that interrupts the regional transportation system. Actions taken under the RMCP would be coordinated among the REOC, MTC, WTA, and the Coast Guard. Under the RMCP, WTA responsibilities during an emergency would include: Providing a staff representative to the MTC Emergency Operations Center and, if requested, to the CalOES REOC. Communicating directly with the U. S. Coast Guard, ferry operators, ports, and the Marine Exchange to determine the nature of the emergency and the availability and location of vessels and other assets Determining the types and levels of services that ferry operators in the affected region are capable of and will be providing. Maintaining communications regarding the status of vessels, facilities, and other maritime assets that may be deployed in response to the emergency. Coordinating waterborne emergency transportation responses with the REOC. Receiving and coordinating requests for basic waterborne transportation services from the REOC, counties, and other transit providers, and evaluating and tasking waterborne transportation support requests, depending on the availability of uncommitted resources. Informing the REOC of basic waterborne transportation services provided by ferry operators. 16 Before an emergency strikes, the WTA would be responsible for all activities necessary to be fully prepared to execute its emergency response coordination oles. This would include establishing and maintaining intelligence on maritime assets in the Bay Area and developing emergency comm nication protocols. The Coastal Region of CalOES and MTC are currently working with consultant URS Corporation to refine and expand Bay Area emerge cy response plans. The Task Force has worked with these parties to identify maritime coordination needs, and the Task Force has recommended that the region officially recognize the Water Transit Authority as the responsible coordin tor for water transportation emergency response, based on the Regional Maritime Contingency Plan that WTA has developed. Designating WTA at the central coordinator for water transportation is a crucial first step towards coordinating the emergency esponse and recovery activities of Bay Area ferry operators ( Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District; City of Vallejo; Cities of Oakland and Alameda; Harbor Bay Maritime; and WTA). In the future, even better coordination and efficiency could be achieved by consolidating all public ferry operators under the Water Transit uthority. This would greatly simplify management and coordination of emergency water transportation, because one agency would be directly in charge of all public ferries. Ferry operator consolidation would also provide benefits during non‐ emergency periods by reducing administrative overhead, consolidating purchasing and maintenance functions, and enhancing connectivity of the ferry system. Maximizing Bay Area Benefit The federal Jones Act and Passenger Services Act require that cargo and passenger vessels operating between ports in the United States must be American‐ built. There are currently a number of domestic shipbuilders with the qualifications and capability to each produce several ferries nnually, so it 17 should be possible to produce up to 15 vessels per year. If the Bay Area were to use all of this shipyard capacity, the total Bay Area emergency fleet of 88 vessels could be produced in five to six years. However, there could be a cost premium to pay, because shipbuilders would need to either turn away other paying customers or expand their capacity. The Bay Area would realize much greater benefits if some— ideally many— of the new vessels were built in the Bay Area. Reviving the Bay Area’s historic shipbuilding industry would add production capacity and allow the emergency fleet to be comp eted and deployed more quickly, and local manufacturing would be a boon to the Bay Area economy. With hundreds of millions of dollars to be spent on new vessel construction, local manufacturing would create hundreds or thousands of new well‐ paying jobs. The former Alameda Naval Air Station, with its protected Seaplane Lagoon, offers an ideal location to establish a new Bay Area shipbuilding industry. In order to capture and maximize the potential benefits of local shipbuilding, the Task Force recommends that procurement of emergency vessels give a preference for local manufacturing. Bay Area residents could be trained locally for many of the new jobs created by the emergency water transportation system. The California Maritime Academy, based in Vallejo, has 900 full‐ time‐ equivalent students studying vessel operation and engineering, as well as the business and logistics side of marine transportation. A partnership between the Water Transit Authority, local shipbuilders, and the Maritime Academy would help to meet the full range of staffing needs and would provide educational and employment oppo tunities for Bay Area residents. The emergency water transportation system will also benefit the region on an everyday basis. Seventy six new passenger ferries and 15 new permanent terminals will allow frequent and convenient transbay service to all c rners of the Bay. Tens of thousands of commuters will be able to trade daily freeway gridlock for a fast and relaxing commute on the 18 water, and recreational, shopping, and tourist trips will also benefit. More trips by water will mean fewer trips by road, reducing highway congestion and automobile pollution. New transportation on the Bay will allow neglected military and industrial lands near the shore to be converted into new tran it‐ oriented villages. The Bay will cease to be a transportation obstacle in the region, becoming instead a transportation asset that knits together the disjointed services of over two dozen transit operators. Water transit will provide a new and more convenient way of life every day for the Bay Area— and when disaster strikes, it will protect and save lives and the future of the Bay Area. The Time to Act is Now Every day that passes brings a higher risk of a catastrophic Bay Area earthquake, and the risks— 29 percent chance in the next 10 years, 62 percent chance in the next 30 years— are already frighteningly high. The leisurely approach to safety that has characterized the replacement of the East Span of the Bay Bridge must be made a thi g of the past, and the Bay Area and the state must resolve to prepare for the coming quake with the speed and determination that is due for a threat of this magnitude. The emergency response and recovery transportation system must be fully implemented as quickly as possible, as if the lives of Bay Area residents depend on it— because they do. Recommendations The State of California should adopt and implement a disaster response and recovery transportation system. The disaster response and recovery water transportation system described in this report has an estimated capital cost of $ 1.6 billion. The Legislature and Governor should fund the system immediately through state disaster recovery bonds, combined with federal homeland security funding, other federal matching funds, and other available financing 19 mechanisms. As a disaster response and recovery program, the Task Force anticipates that this project will not compete against public transit for funding but rather that it will prima ily be funded from dedicated emergency preparation funds. Although funding of infrastructure is essential, money alone will not prepare us, or our government, to respond in a disaster. Real changes in governmental authority and responsibility are indispensable to that goal. The Legislature and Governor should, by statute, immediately designate the Water Transit Authority as the Bay Area Maritime Emergency Transportation Coordinator and give it th mandate, responsibility, and all necessary and appropriate powers to develop and operate a comprehensive emergency water transit system as quickly as p ssible. Only by designating and fully empowering a single agency to plan, implement, and operate emergency water transit can the Bay Area hope to avoid the failures of leadership that doomed New Orleans. In order to achieve the full benefits of coordinated leadership— along with substantial cost savings and improved route connectivity— the Legislature and the Governor, together with MTC and existing public ferry operators, should work towards a goal of merging all ferry services into a single operating agency, the WTA. The Water Transit Authority should, in cooperation with the California Office of Emergency Services, identify and rapidly procure the new equipment that has the highest priority for regional emergency response and recovery. These highest‐ priority needs would likely include, but may not be limited to: equipment‐ moving vessels that can transport fire trucks, ambulances, and other first‐ response equipment to any corner of the Bay; and an emergency radio or satellite communications system that provides instant communication with marine vessels and operator . The WTA should also actively encourage and influence the development of new marine transportation technologies that are criti al to Bay Area emergency transportation. For example, in order to ensure that next‐ generation hovercraft designs meet the 20 operational and environmental needs of the Bay Area, the WTA should develop and promote performance specifications for a Bay Area hovercraft that is quiet, highly maneuverable, and environmentally benign. Finally, in order to speed vessel production and maximize Bay Area economic benefits, the Water Transit Authority should give preference to shipbuilders that establish a manufacturing base in the Bay Area. A new Bay Area shipyard would allow the 88‐ vessel Bay Area emergency water transportation fleet to be built and deployed much more quickly— and potentially at lower cost— than existing builders alone can manage. Local production would also allow the Bay Area to capture substantial economic benefits from hundreds of millions of dollars f shipbuilding expenditures. A local shipyard producing Bay Area emergency vessels could generate hundreds or thousands of new well‐ paying jobs and would re‐ launch a historically important Bay Area industry. 21 Respectfully submitted to the Bay Area Council and the California State Legislature by the Blue Ribbon Task Force: ____________________________ Ron Cowan CEO, the Doric Group Task Force Co‐ Chairman ____________________________ Bruce Spaulding Vice Chancellor, UCSF Task Force Co‐ Chairman ____________________________ Jerry Bridges Executive Director, Port of Oakland ____________________________ Carney Campion General Manager ( Retired) Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District ____________________________ Russell Hancock CEO, Joint Venture: Silicon Valley Network ____________________________ John Martin Airport Director, San Francisco International Airport 22 Acknowledgements The Bay Area Council gratefully acknowledges the assistance, consultation, and data provided by the following: Association of Bay Area Governments Atlas Hovercraft Bay Area Water Transit Authority California Little Hoover Commission California Maritime Academy California Office of Emergency Services Golden Gate Bridge, Highway, and Transportation District Kvichak Marine Metropolitan Transportation Commission Pacific Gas & Electric Company Port of Oakland San Francisco International Airport Professor Frieder Seible, University of California at San Diego URS Corporation United States Coast Guard United States Geological Survey 23 24 Appendix MTC Estimates of Emergency Recovery Ferry Ridership Table 1 Potential for Emergency Ferry Routes - Golden Gate Bridge Scenario Average Peak Hour Ferry Trips Trip Type Current ( 2006) Daily Person Trips Estimated Daily Person Trips During Emergency Peak Hour Factor Trips Work Trips 76,100 57,100 0.115 6,600 Non- Work Trips 74,000 24,600 0.115 2,800 Truck Trips 6,400 1,000 0.100 100 Total Trips 156,500 82,700 0.100 9,500 Table 2 Potential for Emergency Ferry Routes - San Francisco- Oakland Bay Bridge Scenario Average Peak Hour Ferry Trips Trip Type Current ( 2006) Daily Person Trips Estimated Daily Person Trips During Emergency Peak Hour Factor Trips Work Trips 313,600 235,200 0.115 27,000 Non- Work Trips 186,000 61,900 0.115 7,100 Truck Trips 22,200 3,300 0.100 300 Total Trips 521,800 300,400 0.100 34,400 Table 3 Potential for Emergency Ferry Routes - San Mateo- Hayward Bridge Scenario Average Peak Hour Ferry Trips Trip Type Current ( 2006) Daily Person Trips Estimated Daily Person Trips During Emergency Peak Hour Factor Trips Work Trips 59,000 44,300 0.115 5,100 Non- Work Trips 46,600 15,500 0.115 1,800 Truck Trips 7,500 1,100 0.100 100 Total Trips 113,100 60,900 0.100 7,000 25 Table 4 Potential for Emergency Ferry Routes - Dumbarton Bridge Scenario Average Peak Hour Ferry Trips Trip Type Current ( 2006) Daily Person Trips Estimated Daily Person Trips During Emergency Peak Hour Factor Trips Work Trips 48,300 12,100 0.115 1,400 Non- Work Trips 42,000 4,200 0.115 500 Truck Trips 4,700 200 0.100 0 Total Trips 95,000 16,500 0.100 1,900 Table 5 Potential for Emergency Ferry Routes - Richmond- San Rafael Bridge Scenario Average Peak Hour Ferry Trips Trip Type Current ( 2006) Daily Person Trips Estimated Daily Person Trips During Emergency Peak Hour Factor Trips Work Trips 48,200 36,200 0.115 4,200 Non- Work Trips 47,900 16,000 0.115 1,800 Truck Trips 4,700 700 0.100 100 Total Trips 100,800 52,900 0.100 6,100 Table 6 Potential for Emergency Ferry Routes - Carquinez Bridge Scenario Average Peak Hour Ferry Trips Trip Type Current ( 2006) Daily Person Trips Estimated Daily Person Trips During Emergency Peak Hour Factor Trips Work Trips 52,400 39,300 0.115 4,500 Non- Work Trips 70,900 23,600 0.115 2,700 Truck Trips 8,700 1,300 0.100 100 Total Trips 132,000 64,200 0.100 7,300 26 Table 7 Potential for Emergency Ferry Routes - Benicia- Martinez Bridge Scenario Average Peak Hour Ferry Trips Trip Type Current ( 2006) Daily Person Trips Estimated Daily Person Trips During Emergency Peak Hour Factor Trips Work Trips 55,700 41,800 0.115 4,800 Non- Work Trips 111,900 37,300 0.115 4,300 Truck Trips 10,000 1,500 0.100 200 Total Trips 177,600 80,600 0.100 9,300 Table 8 Potential for Emergency Ferry Routes - Antioch Bridge Scenario Average Peak Hour Ferry Trips Trip Type Current ( 2006) Daily Person Trips Estimated Daily Person Trips During Emergency Peak Hour Factor Trips Work Trips 2,500 1,900 0.115 200 Non- Work Trips 11,500 3,800 0.115 400 Truck Trips 300 0 0.100 0 Total Trips 14,300 5,700 0.100 600 Table 9 Potential for Emergency Ferry Routes - All Bridges Scenario Average Peak Hour Ferry Trips Trip Type Current ( 2006) Daily Person Trips Estimated Daily Person Trips During Emergency Peak Hour Factor Trips Work Trips 655,800 350,925 0.115 40,400 Non- Work Trips 590,800 140,175 0.115 16,100 Truck Trips 64,500 6,825 0.100 700 Total Trips 1,311,100 497,925 0.100 57,200 27 Table 10 Potential for Emergency Ferry Routes - Southern Bridges Scenario Average Peak Hour Ferry Trips Trip Type Current ( 2006) Daily Person Trips Estimated Daily Person Trips During Emergency Peak Hour Factor Trips Work Trips 420,900 218,700 0.115 25,200 Non- Work Trips 274,600 61,200 0.115 7,000 Truck Trips 34,400 3,450 0.100 300 Total Trips 729,900 283,350 0.100 32,500 Table 11 Potential for Emergency Ferry Routes - Golden Gate / Richmond- San Rafael Scenario Average Peak Hour Ferry Trips Trip Type Current ( 2006) Daily Person Trips Estimated Daily Person Trips During Emergency Peak Hour Factor Trips Work Trips 124,300 69,975 0.115 8,000 Non- Work Trips 121,900 30,450 0.115 3,500 Truck Trips 11,100 1,275 0.100 100 Total Trips 257,300 101,700 0.100 11,600 Assumptions: In an emergency recovery scenario in which one toll bridge is disabled ( tables 1 through 3 and 5 through 8), it is assumed that ferry trips in the bridge corridor would include 75 percent of the pre- emergency level of home- based work trips; 33 percent of non- work trips; and 15 percent of truck trips. Other trips would divert to other in- service bridges, or would not occur. For the Dumbarton Bridge scenario ( table 4), it is assumed that ferry trips in the bridge corridor would include 25 percent of the pre- emergency level of home- based work trips; 10 percent of non- work trips; and 5 percent of truck trips. The lower rates of ferry use in the Dumbarton- only scenario reflect the opportunity for traffic to loop south of the Bay, through Santa Clara County. Tables 9 through 11 present scenarios in which more than one bridge is out of service. Ferry trips are assumed to equal the sum of the trips in the relevant single- bridge scenarios, less 25 percent. This additional 25 percent reduction is intended to reflect a reduction in overall economic activity in the region that is assumed to follow an earthquake or other emergency violent enough to close multiple toll bridges. 28 |
| PDI.Date | 2006 |
| PDI.Title | The Bay : the transportation spine for disaster recovery : essential infrastructure and effective governance for emergency water transit |
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