ISSN 1055- 1425
September 2010
This work was performed as part of the California PATH Program of the
University of California, in cooperation with the State of California Business,
Transportation, and Housing Agency, Department of Transportation, and the
United States Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration.
The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are responsible
for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not
necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the State of California. This
report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation.
Final Report for Technical Agreement TA- 6AA0321
CALIFORNIA PATH PROGRAM
INSTITUTE OF TRANSPORTATION STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY
Development of Bus Rapid Transit
Performance Assessment Guide Tool
UCB- ITS- PRR- 2010- 37
California PATH Research Report
Mark A. Miller, Aaron Golub
CALIFORNIA PARTNERS FOR ADVANCED TRANSIT AND HIGHWAYS
STATE OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
TECHNICAL REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
TR0003 ( REV. 10/ 98)
1. REPORT NUMBER
CA11- 1860
2. GOVERNMENT ASSOCIATION NUMBER
3. RECIPIENT’S CATALOG NUMBER
5. REPORT DATE
September 2010
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Development of Bus Rapid Transit Performance Assessment
Guide Tool
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR( S)
Mark A. Miller
Aaron Golub
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
UCB- ITS- PRR- 2010- 37
10. WORK UNIT NUMBER
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
California PATH Program
University of California, Berkeley
1357 S. 46th St.
Richmond, CA 94804
11. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER
TA- 6AA0321
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final Report
7/ 1/ 2009 - 4/ 30/ 2010
12. SPONSORING AGENCY AND ADDRESS
California Department of Transportation
Division of Research and Innovation
P. O. Box 942873, MS- 83
Sacramento, CA 95814
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTES
None
16. ABSTRACT
This report describes the development process of the Bus Rapid Transit Performance Assessment
Guidebook ( BRT PAG) Tool, which provides a decision support means for tool users to understand at a
high level the benefits and costs associated with implementing bus rapid transit systems. The BRT
PAG Tool is based on a conceptual framework consisting of BRT system strategies; stakeholder
groupings; impacts of individual BRT system strategies; measurement methods used to analyze the
impacts that BRT system strategies have on different stakeholders; and quantitative estimates of
benefits and costs associated with these impacts. Prior to constructing the tool, research was performed
on BRT information and data sources and the structure of the tool was developed. The current website
for the BRT PAG Tool is http:// path. berkeley. edu/ BRT- Performance- Assessment- Guidebook- Tool
and is best viewed using Microsoft’s Internet Explorer web browser.
17. KEY WORDS
bus rapid transit, deployment, impacts,
decision support tool
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
No restrictions. This document is available to the
public through the National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161
19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION ( of this report)
Unclassified
20. NUMBER OF PAGES
29
21. PRICE
Reproduction of completed page authorized
DISCLAIMER STATEMENT
This document is disseminated in the interest of information exchange. The contents of this
report reflect the views of the authors who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the data
presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the State
of California or the Federal Highway Administration. This publication does not constitute a
standard, specification or regulation. This report does not constitute an endorsement by the
Department of any product described herein.
For individuals with sensory disabilities, this document is available in Braille, large print,
audiocassette, or compact disk. To obtain a copy of this document in one of these alternate
formats, please contact: the Division of Research and Innovation, MS- 83, California Department
of Transportation, P. O. Box 942873, Sacramento, CA 94273- 0001.
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was performed by the California PATH Program at the University of California at
Berkeley and Dr. Aaron Golub in cooperation with the State of California Business,
Transportation and Housing Agency, Department of Transportation ( Caltrans), Division of
Research and Innovation ( DR& I). The contents of this paper reflect the views of the authors,
who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do
not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the State of California.
The authors thank Bradley Mizuno of the California Department of Transportation’s ( Caltrans’)
Division of Research and Innovation for his management of and advice during the project. The
authors also thank each member of the Project Review Panel ( Wendy King, Sebastian Oduni,
Scott Sauer, and Stephanie Watts of Caltrans’ Division of Mass Transportation; Antonette Clark
of Caltrans’ Division of Design; Joseph Rouse of Caltrans’ Division of Traffic Operations; and
Wingate Lew of Caltrans District 4 in the San Francisco Bay Area) for their valuable reviews
and comments during the numerous project review meetings that helped make the Bus Rapid
Transit Performance Assessment Guidebook Tool a better product.
ii
ABSTRACT
This report describes the development process of the Bus Rapid Transit Performance Assessment
Guidebook ( BRT PAG) Tool, which provides a decision support means for tool users to
understand at a high level the benefits and costs associated with implementing bus rapid transit
systems. The BRT PAG Tool is based on a conceptual framework consisting of BRT system
strategies; stakeholder groupings; impacts of individual BRT system strategies; measurement
methods used to analyze the impacts that BRT system strategies have on different stakeholders;
and quantitative estimates of benefits and costs associated with these impacts. Prior to
constructing the tool, research was performed on BRT information and data sources and the
structure of the tool was developed. The current website for the BRT PAG Tool is
http:// path. berkeley. edu/ BRT- Performance- Assessment- Guidebook- Tool and is best viewed
using Microsoft’s Internet Explorer web browser.
Key Words: bus rapid transit, deployment, impacts, decision support tool
iii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report constitutes the final report for PATH Project Technical Agreement TA- 6AA0321-
15378  “ Bus Rapid Transit Systems Performance Assessment Guidebook”. It describes the
development process of the Bus Rapid Transit Performance Assessment Guidebook ( BRT PAG)
Tool, which provides a means of decision support for tools users to understand at a broad level
the benefits and costs associated with implementing bus rapid transit systems. The BRT PAG
Tool is based on a conceptual framework consisting of BRT system strategies; stakeholder
groupings; impacts of individual BRT system strategies; measurement methods used to analyze
the impacts that BRT system strategies have on different stakeholders; and quantitative estimates
of benefits and costs associated with these impacts. The tool is best used in the early planning
stages of the BRT project development process to familiarize planners – both at transit agencies
and at Caltrans – with these elements of the conceptual framework.
Prior to constructing the tool, a review of BRT information and data sources was conducted and
the structure of the tool was developed. Identifying the appropriate and relevant BRT
information and data sources was based on the project team’s extensive knowledge of the public
transit subject area in general and bus rapid transit systems and intelligent transportation systems
areas in particular. The BRT PAG Tool was produced as a web- based instrument based on the
Visio 2007 platform, a diagramming program using graphics to represent images to create
diagrams and flow charts.
Tool access is simple and best viewed via Microsoft’s Internet Explorer web browser. The BRT
PAG Tool consists of the following three primary components: User Guide, Main Matrix, and
Flowchart informational pages for each relevant BRT system strategy/ stakeholder pair; each
such flowchart page is composed of the following four components: BRT system strategy
definition; impacts; measurement methods; and resource documentation
The current website for the BRT PAG Tool is
http:// path. berkeley. edu/ BRT- Performance- Assessment- Guidebook- Tool.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i
ABSTRACT ii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY iii
LIST OF TABLES v
LIST OF FIGURES vi
1.0 PROJECT OVERVIEW 1
1.1 Motivation 1
1.2 Objectives 2
1.3 Contents of the Report 2
2.0 METHODOLOGY 3
2.1 Develop Conceptual Framework 3
2.2 Research Bus Rapid Transit Information and Data Sources 4
2.3 Develop Tool Structure 6
2.4 Construct Tool 6
3.0 THE BUS RAPID TRANSIT PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT
GUIDEBOOK TOOL 7
3.1 User Guide 7
3.2 Main Matrix 9
3.3 Flowchart Pages 11
4.0 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 13
REFERENCES 15
BIBLIOGRAPHY 15
v
LIST OF TABLES PAGE
TABLE 1 Bus Rapid Transit Information and Data Sources 5
vi
LIST OF FIGURES PAGE
FIGURE 1 BRT PAG Tool User Guide 8
FIGURE 2 BRT PAG Tool Main Matrix 10
FIGURE 3 BRT PAG Tool Flowchart Page Template 12
1
1.0 PROJECT OVERVIEW
This report constitutes one of two final deliverables for PATH Project Technical Agreement TA-
6AA0321- 15378  “ Bus Rapid Transit Systems Performance Assessment Guidebook”. The
project has developed a tool to assist users, e. g., Caltrans, in understanding high level impacts of
bus rapid transit systems so as to help make more informed decisions about implementing these
systems. The Bus Rapid Transit Performance Assessment Guidebook ( BRT PAG) Tool has been
developed by means of 1. examining BRT literature to identify and investigate BRT system
strategies, BRT stakeholders and their perspectives, impacts of implementing BRT system
strategies relative to specific measures of performance, methods of analysis in assessing
implementation of such strategies, and quantitative findings of BRT benefits and costs; 2.
determining the appropriate structure for the tool, and 3. carrying out the tool construction. The
remainder of this section discusses the motivation for, objectives of, and a summary of the
contents for the remainder of this report.
1.1 Motivation
The California Department of Transportation ( Caltrans) has recently adopted a policy supporting
implementation of bus rapid transit systems on the California State Highway System ( Caltrans,
2007). In particular, this policy begins with the following strong statement:
The California Department of Transportation ( Department) recognizes and supports the
concept and implementation of Bus Rapid Transit ( BRT) as a potentially cost- effective
strategy to maximize people throughput ( emphasizing the movement of people, not just
vehicles), reduce traveler delay, increase capacity, and foster energy savings on the
California State Highway System ( SHS), as well as on conventional highways. The
Department will work closely with local jurisdictions, regional transportation planning
agencies, transit operators, and other stakeholders to plan, develop, implement, and
advocate for BRT systems.
Associated with this policy, Caltrans has also had a concern over the impacts resulting from
implementing bus rapid transit system strategies yet the department has lacked a decision support
tool to enable it to understand the potential benefits and costs of proposed BRT projects that
must be considered when deciding whether a BRT project will be implemented or discontinued.
There is a need to understand these BRT implementation issues using a systems approach.
2
1.2 Objectives
The overall objective of this project is to develop a decision support tool that uses a systems and
integrated approach to bus rapid transit systems deployment- related research; provides an initial
assessment of impacts of implementing BRT strategies that need to be used toward that end; and
will enable Caltrans to determine conditions under which a BRT project may be implemented or
discontinued. No single tool can evaluate all impacts of a BRT project as they are highly
specific to the actual conditions of the existing street and traffic patterns and then any
modifications made under the BRT scenario. Because no single tool can evaluate all of the costs
and benefits of the BRT implementation with various stakeholders, this performance assessment
guidebook is really a tool of tools that is best used in the early planning stages of the BRT
project development process. It compiles a wide array of discussions, and links to tools and
methods into a single structured environment that helps enable BRT implementers such as transit
agencies and Caltrans to understand the various impacts to be expected from a BRT project to be
implemented or discontinued. From there, an agency could embark on a more specific and
detailed evaluation along one or several of the cost and benefit impact threads, which are
discussed in the guide. Furthermore, the tool can assist agency staff to understand the required
elements of an impact study, thereby allowing them to develop detailed scopes of work for
consultant teams to follow.
1.3 Contents of the Report
This is the first of four sections. Section 2 provides a discussion of the methodological approach
used in developing the BRT PAG Tool; a description of the tool is provided in Section 3 along
with the means to access the tool, followed by conclusions in Section 4.
3
2.0 METHODOLOGY
In this section the set of steps used in the development of the Bus Rapid Transit
Performance Assessment Guidebook tool is described.
2.1 Develop Conceptual Framework
When assessing the implementability of a bus rapid transit system various factors come
into play that should be considered. Firstly, a BRT system may be implemented
incrementally and with flexibility over time relative to numerous individual elements or
strategies. Such BRT system strategies including the following:
 Station and Lane Access Control
o Queue jumps
o Adding a bus lane
o Converting a ( travel or parking) lane to a bus lane
o Time of Day bus lane
 Intelligent Transportation Systems
o Transit signal priority ( passive, active, adaptive)
o Collision warning and avoidance
o Lane Assist ( vehicle guidance)
o Precision docking
o Fare payment ( off- board and on- board)
o Automatic vehicle location
o Passenger information ( stop/ station and in- vehicle)
Secondly, numerous stakeholders abound with their own perspectives, priorities, and
agendas that should be considered. Different stakeholders include the following:
 Bus riders
 Bus operators
 Cities ( local departments of transportation and revenue or finance)
 Businesses
 Pedestrians
 Cyclists
 Caltrans
 Drivers ( local and through BRT corridor area)
4
 Societal/ general population/ environment
The next factor focuses on the impacts that individual BRT system strategies have with
respect to individual stakeholders. The impacts of BRT system strategies may be assessed
according to specific measures of effectiveness including the following key measures
relative to BRT system impacts: travel time and service reliability.
The fourth factor deals with measurement methods and approaches ( and the collection of
data) used to analyze – quantitatively and/ or qualitatively – the impacts that BRT system
strategies have on different stakeholders. Examples of such measurement methods
include the following:
 Before- and- after travel time studies using on- board field surveys
 Analytical models
 Micro- simulation modeling of before- and- after traffic conditions
 Before- and- after surveys
 Analogy ( an estimate based on a synthesis and analysis of actual operating
experience)
The fifth and final factor focuses on quantitative estimates of benefits and costs
associated with the impacts that BRT system strategies have on their respective
stakeholders.
The five- part conceptual framework just outlined provides the basis for the content of the
BRT PAG Tool.
2.2 Research Bus Rapid Transit Information and Data Sources
Based on our knowledge of the public transit subject area in general and bus rapid transit
systems and intelligent transportation systems areas in particular, we readily compiled
and subsequently examined a multitude of reports and associated documentation from
these fields. A subset of these information sources – the top priority reports – are listed
and briefly described in Table 1. The complete listing is provided in the Bibliography at
the end of this report.
5
Table 1 Bus Rapid Transit Information and Data Sources
Title Description
TCRP Report 90: Bus Rapid Transit
– Implementation Guidelines
This report presents planning and implementation guidelines for bus rapid
transit ( BRT), which are based on a literature review and an analysis of 26 case
study cities in and outside the United States. The guidelines cover the main
components of BRT— running ways, stations, traffic controls, vehicles,
intelligent transportation systems ( ITSs), bus operations, fare collection and
marketing, and implementation.
TCRP Report 118: Bus Rapid
Transit Practitioner’s Guide
A report providing information on the costs, impacts, and effectiveness of
implementing bus rapid transit ( BRT) components. It includes practical
information that can be readily used by transit professionals and policy makers
in planning and decision making related to implementing different components
of BRT systems.
FTA Report FTA- FL- 26-
7109.2009.1: Characteristics of Bus
Rapid Transit for Decision Making
2009 Update
A reference tool intended for transportation planners and decision makers and
provides information on BRT systems including the seven major elements of
BRT together with their respective features and attributes; BRT system
performance; and benefits of BRT systems.
NCHRP Research Results Digest
336: Benefit/ Cost Analysis of
Converting a Lane for Bus Rapid
Transit
This report presents the results of a study of the cost benefit of converting a
mixed flow travel lane to exclusive bus rapid transit ( BRT) use; including a
literature review of BRT projects in operation in the United States and several
other countries, identification of potential locations where BRT
implementation involved taking or converting an existing mixed- flow traffic
lane for exclusive BRT use and interviews with representatives of these
projects.
TCRP Synthesis 48 Real- Time Bus
Arrival Information Systems
This synthesis describes the state of the practice in real- time bus arrival
information systems, including both U. S. and international experience. This
report also includes a review of the relevant literature, in addition to the results
of a survey that was conducted as part of this project. The survey covered
technical capabilities of the systems, agency experience, cost, and bus rider
reactions to these information systems. This synthesis also contains the results
of interviews with key personnel at agencies that have implemented or are in
the process of implementing these systems.
TCRP Synthesis 73 AVL Systems
for Bus Transit: Update
A report documenting the state of practice of AVL systems and changes in
agency practices related to the use of AVL systems with a literature review,
results of a survey effort, and the findings from case study interviews. Also,
information is presented on how transit agencies implement and use AVL
systems as well as on benefits and costs.
Transit Signal Priority ( TSP): A
Planning and Implementation
Handbook
This report outlines a process for planning and implementing TSP, based on a
systems engineering approach that identifies many of the issues that may need
to be addressed in a TSP project; It provides information on the current state of
the practice of TSP in North America; it documents TSP implementation case
studies to highlight issues that arise and solutions that have been developed.
TCRP Report 100: Transit Capacity
and Quality of Service Manual
A report for public transit practitioners and policy makers documenting
background, statistics, and graphics on various types of public transportation;
providing a framework for measuring transit availability and quality of service
from the perspective of the passenger; contains quantitative techniques for
calculating the capacity of bus transit services as well as bus stops, stations,
and terminals.
6
2.3 Develop Tool Structure
The BRT PAG Tool is web- based using a Visio 20071 platform. Access to the tool is
simple and best viewed via Microsoft’s Internet Explorer ( IE) browser2. The tool
structure is based on a matrix of impacts of BRT elements on stakeholders. Hyperlinks
are used to connect from this matrix to related content within the tool and access
additional informational sources external to the tool.
The BRT PAG Tool consists of the following three components, each of which is
individually described in Section 3:
 User Guide
 Main Matrix
 Flowchart pages for each relevant BRT system strategy/ stakeholder pair
composed of the following components:
o BRT system strategy definition
o Impacts
o Measurement methods
o Resource documentation
2.4 Construct Tool
Constructing the tool was an iterative process based on repeated applications of the
‘ production- review- revise’ cycle. Reviews were conducted by the project advisory panel
with whom the research team met regularly and frequently to discuss project progress.
The bulk of the work in making the tool was in producing each flowchart page because
there are 71 of them. Producing each flow chart page together with the User Guide and
Main Matrix pages consisted of the following sub- tasks:
 Design graphics for User Guide, Main Matrix, and Flowchart Pages
 Insert informational content in Flowchart Pages
 Add hyperlinks as necessary to User Guide, Main Matrix, and Flowchart
Pages
1 The Visio platform is a diagramming program that uses vector graphics ( geometrical objects such as lines, curves,
and various shapes) to represent images to create diagrams and flow charts.
2The current version of Internet Explorer is IE 8. Older versions of IE work fine with the BRT PAG Tool.
7
 Format content in Flowchart Pages
 Enable a new window to be opened when linking to documents external to the
tool
 Publish Visio tool- content file as web document, which also generates
accessory web files
 Upload all web- related Visio files to web site that houses the tool
 Upload external documentation to web site that houses the tool
3.0 THE BUS RAPID TRANSIT PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT GUIDEBOOK
TOOL
In this section the User Guide, Main Matrix, and Flowchart Pages are discussed. The
current website for the BRT PAG Tool is
http:// path. berkeley. edu/ BRT- Performance- Assessment- Guidebook- Tool and is best
viewed using Microsoft’s Internet Explorer web browser.
3.1 User Guide
The User Guide explains how to navigate the tool and is immediately accessible from the
website’s Home Page, the first page the user sees when the tool is launched by clicking
on the website’s URL. Figure 1 shows the 1- page User Guide. As is explained on this
page, everything is steered from the Main Matrix and from there the various impacts of
BRT elements can be investigated.
8
USER GUIDE FOR THE BRT PAG TOOL
Flowchart Page Template
Definition of BRT system strategy
Brief description of impacts that the
BRT system strategy will have on the
stakeholder group
Analysis tools used to derive impacts
Referenced documentation for and
examples of existing quantitative
benefits and costs of the BRT system
strategy on the stakeholder group;
Links to reports ( as PDFs) are also
provided
BRT System Strategy:
Stakeholder Group:
IMPACTS
MEASUREMENT METHODS
RESOURCE DOCUMENTATION
MAIN
BRT SYSTEM STRATEGY
to go to the Main Matrix.
Where to begin? The “ Main Matrix” page shows BRT system strategies ( the rows) and stakeholder
categories ( the columns). The tool is structured around designated BRT system strategy/
stakeholder pairs, shown with a in the cell entry corresponding to a particular BRT system
strategy impacting a particular stakeholder group. Clicking on any such button will take you to the
informational flowchart page for that pair. ( See below for the Flowchart Page Template). From any
flowchart page, clicking on the at the top or bottom left- hand corner returns you to the Main Matrix
page from which you can access any other flowchart page. Alternatively, you can use the “ Go To
Page” feature on the left- hand side in the tool’s navigation frame to access any page. The “ Pan and
Zoom” feature is also available to help you view the details of any page. At the bottom of the Main
Matrix is a listing of Secondary or Co- Benefits including Emissions, Ridership, and Land Use &
Development and links ( ) to their individual informational pages.
Click here
MAIN
Figure 1 BRT PAG Tool User Guide
9
3.2 Main Matrix
The Main Matrix, shown in Figure 2, highlights with a “ button” icon each BRT system
strategy/ stakeholder category pair that has a corresponding Flowchart Page.
10
Figure 2 BRT PAG Tool Main Matrix
11
3.3 Flowchart Pages
The Flowchart Pages comprise the core of the tool’s content. A general template for these
pages is shown in Figure 3 and depicts the internal structure of each flowchart page. The
name of the page is at the top indicating the BRT system strategy/ stakeholder category
pair that is the page’s focus. From the top to bottom, the first component, “ BRT System
Strategy”, defines the individual BRT system strategy. The “ Impacts” component
provides a brief description of impacts that the BRT system strategy will have on the
corresponding stakeholder group. Next, “ Measurement Methods” outlines commonly
used analysis tools to derive the impacts. Finally, the “ Resource Documentation”
component provides a description of documentation for and examples of existing
quantitative benefits and costs of the impacts of the corresponding BRT system strategy
on the stakeholder group.
12
Figure 3 BRT PAG Tool Flowchart Page Template
13
4.0 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
A tool to assist in decision making regarding bus rapid transit systems deployment was
formulated and developed here. Using a systems approach, the tool helps fill a gap in the
understanding of the impacts – both benefits and costs – of proposed BRT projects that
must be considered when deciding whether a BRT project will be implemented or
discontinued as well as the methodological approaches undertaken in the process of
ascertaining these impacts.
Enhancements and/ or updates to the BRT PAG Tool would make it much more powerful.
At this stage in the tool’s development, we can envision two ways the tool could be
improved upon to assist Caltrans more effectively.
The first way is to recognize that there are gaps in the amount of information and data
within the “ Resource and Documentation” component of the Flowchart Page for some of
the BRT system strategies, namely, Intelligent Transportation Systems ( ITS), e. g.,
collision warning/ avoidance, lane assist ( vehicle guidance), and precision docking. Once
such ITS strategies progress toward and achieve actual BRT revenue service operation,
tangible and quantitative impacts will be able to be measured and such information can
then be inserted into the BRT PAG Tool and fill these informational and data gaps. For
example, currently there is an ongoing federally- funded pilot program to demonstrate the
benefits of vehicle- assist and automation ( VAA) applications – lane assist and precision
docking – for full- size public transit buses in revenue operation. It is expected that upon
completion in early 2011 quantitative impacts of VAA will be documented at which time
the BRT PAG Tool may be updated and subsequently assist users more effectively
overall and more specifically in the area of ITS elements.
The second way is to conduct follow- on case studies in which the BRT PAG Tool is
applied to specific corridors that are being considered by Caltrans and local area transit
agencies for the implementation of bus rapid transit systems. The feedback on tool
14
effectiveness and lessons learned from such case studies can then be used to enhance the
tool.
15
REFERENCES
1. Caltrans, “ Bus Rapid Transit – A Handbook for Partners”, California Department of
Transportation, February, 2007.
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16
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Schweiger, C., “ TCRP Synthesis 48 – Real- Time Bus Arrival Information Systems”, Transit
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Smith, H. R., et al, “ Transit Signal Priority ( TSP): A Planning and Implementation
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17
Wright, L., and Hook, W., “ Bus Rapid Transit Planning Guide 3rd Edition”, Institute for
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